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In the spring of March, spring blossoms and the wind blows on your face.

Being in Damei Chongqing, in the face of such a beautiful spring, how can parents not help thinking of taking their children outdoors to play games! If you want to have a good interaction with your children at this good time of the year, you may wish to try these fun parent-child games, which can not only have close contact with trees, sunshine and flowers outdoors, but also exercise and learn knowledge.

First, outdoor games

Pull out the clip

This game is similar to tearing up famous brands. Participants in the game put some small clips on their clothes, chased each other and pulled off each other’s clips. Mom and dad can "lose" to their children a little, so that they can experience the fun of the game without feeling frustrated.

This game needs to run, chase and hide, which can exercise children’s reaction and sensitivity, increase their activity and release their energy.

Portraits chinois

Under the sun, trees, buildings, parents, children … all kinds of shadows can be seen everywhere.

Don’t underestimate this simple black shadow, it can be used to play games for most of the day! For example, shadow dancing, let children do all kinds of exaggerated movements and dance with the shadow. You will find children’s hidden funny skills. For example, observe the changes in the length direction of shadows, and talk to children about the relationship between sun exposure and shadow changes. Like stepping on each other’s shadows. For example, drawing a shadow is to let children draw the five senses on the shadow of adults, and also to depict the shadow of adults.

ring

Use old cartons to make paper rings, let the children decorate them, pick up some branches outside and insert them on the ground, and then step back and compete to see who can put the paper rings on the branches.

Stick red flowers on balloons.

Prepare several balloons and stick them on the tree according to different heights. Let the children jump up and stick them on the balloons with small stickers in their hands. Mom and dad can compete with their children to see who posted more little red flowers.

This game can promote children’s flexibility and alertness by jumping.

Pay attention to wearing shoes that fit the child and the height of the balloon should be appropriate.

Natural building blocks

Nowadays, children play with wooden or plastic blocks at home. In fact, there are also blocks to play with in nature. Falling flowers, stones, branches, etc. in spring can all be put together into beautiful patterns.

Mom, dad and children use their imagination together to make a beautiful building block painting with natural materials!

Second, the puzzle game

Looking for spring

Spring has come, but where is it? Guide children to observe the change of seasons with questions, and talk about what new changes have taken place in the flowers and trees in nature, what kind of clothes people are wearing, and whether small animals have woken up from hibernation?

Let the children remember these findings, and when they get home, write and draw together to find out where the spring is.

Ancient poetry card

There are many ancient poems about spring, and parents can teach their children some simple ones. After memorizing, make the words in the poem into small cards, disrupt the order, and then let the children rearrange them.

Don’t underestimate this game. After playing it a few times, children can remember many words!

Seed germination

This game is to let children experience the germination process of a handful of seeds.

Preparation materials: beans such as black beans, soybeans and mung beans; A basket with holes; Spitter; Gauze; Towels; Cloth.

Put the selected beans in a container, add warm water below 40℃ and soak naturally for 12-24 hours; Spread gauze on the top of the basket and spread the beans evenly on it; Cover the towel and spray the surface with a watering can; Put the basket in an opaque cabinet, cover the basket with cloth and close the cupboard door; Wet the towel surface with a watering can every morning and noon, and wash the water under the faucet with a basket at night to prevent the roots from rotting; After a few days, the bean sprouts will come out.

Looking for similarity

The German philosopher Leibniz said, "There are no two identical leaves in the world." But there are many similarities in life.

This game is to prepare several materials in advance. You can look for small stones with the same shape, small flowers with similar colors and leaves with changeable shapes. Match them when you get home and make a similar observation experiment report.

Natural exploration

Preparation materials: treasure hunt cards, crayons, scissors, trays, magnifying glasses, binoculars, etc.

Print a small card of plant treasure hunt before going out.

Cut it out along the outline.

Put it in the tray grid.

Bring trays, binoculars, magnifying glasses, etc., and children can happily go to parks and community gardens for treasure hunting, that is, look for plants similar to those on small cards.

Third, manual games

Flower bracelet

Do you want a unique bracelet? Then let’s get started!

Cut the core of the roll paper, wrap it with transparent adhesive, and then go to nature to collect beautiful flowers and plants in spring. It is best to fall to the ground naturally, and don’t pick flowers and plants at will. Stick them on the "bracelet" and see who dresses up more beautifully.

Creative photography

Mom and dad can prepare paper-cut or hand-painted cartoon characters with their children, and then take them with them to take creative photos.

Huacaohua

If you plant colorful flowers and plants at home, you can make a photo frame with cardboard with your children and make a picture of flowers and plants to hang indoors. It looks good.

First, cover the cut cardboard photo frame with a layer of plastic wrap, then put the collected flowers and plants in the photo frame, then cover the flowers and plants with a layer of plastic wrap and hang them in front of the window to let the sunshine in, as if inviting the spring sunshine and flowers and green grass into the house.

It doesn’t matter if you don’t need a photo frame, just stick flowers and plants on paper and post your favorite shapes.

kite

Today, I will share a traditional diamond kite with you. Take the children to fly a kite after you make it.

Prepare a tough, thin and light paper, such as cotton paper, rice paper, leather paper, etc. Cut the paper into a diamond shape; Fold two bamboo sticks into a cross shape and tie them firmly with a rope; Punch two small holes in each of the four corners of the cut paper, and fix the bamboo stick on the paper with nylon rope; Bind both ends of a nylon rope to both ends of bamboo sticks respectively, and then tie one end of a nylon rope to the center of this nylon rope; For the sake of beauty, you can tie some ribbons you like to the ends and tail of the kite; When preparing for flying, you should attach a bundle of light thread, such as fishing line, to the end of nylon rope, so that the kite will fly higher and higher.

Multicolored butterfly

Preparation materials: waste newspapers, pigments, pens and hairy roots.

Let the children play freely and color the waste newspapers.

When the paint dries, tear the newspaper into two pieces. Each piece is folded diagonally as shown above.

Tie up two newspapers with hairy roots, and the dancing butterfly will be ready. Hanging it up as decoration makes the whole house full of spring.

Bubble hydrangea

Preparation materials: plastic tray, straw, paper, pigment, water, detergent, scissors, pen.

First, pour water, a few drops of detergent and pigment into the plastic tray and mix and stir. Then insert the straw into the mixed solution and blow into it to blow out bubbles.

Gently place the paper on the surface of the solution to print the shape of hydrangea.

Draw leaves on another piece of paper and stick hydrangeas one by one.

Beautiful hydrangeas let children remember the colors of spring.

Source: Creative Box touchbox WeChat WeChat official account, Penguin Dad WeChat WeChat official account

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Beijing Zhengban Fa [2014] No.65　

The people’s governments of the districts and counties, the commissions, offices and bureaus of the municipal government, and the municipal institutions:

　　"Implementation Opinions on Establishing Beijing Disease Emergency Relief System (Trial)" has been approved by the municipal government and is hereby issued to you, please conscientiously implement it in light of the actual situation.

General Office of Beijing Municipal People’s Government　 　 　

　December 31, 2014　

　　

　　Opinions on the establishment of Beijing disease emergency rescue system (for Trial Implementation)

　　In order to implement the spirit of the Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Establishing the Emergency Relief System for Diseases (No.15 [2013] of the State Council), further improve the multi-level medical security system in this Municipality, and effectively solve the medical emergency security problems of a very small number of patients who are unidentified and unable to pay medical expenses, this implementation opinion is formulated in combination with the actual situation.

　　I. General requirements

　　(1) Work objectives. Through government financial investment and social donations, the municipal disease emergency rescue fund is raised to help patients who have acute and serious injuries and need first aid but whose identities are unclear or unable to pay the corresponding expenses, and to subsidize the medical expenses incurred in receiving emergency treatment, so as to encourage medical institutions to treat patients with acute and serious injuries in a timely and effective manner, effectively solve the practical difficulties of the people and promote social harmony and stability.

　　(2) Working principles. The disease emergency assistance system is a medical assistance guarantee policy established in this city for the disadvantaged groups, and it is an important supplement to the existing medical security system. It is necessary to adhere to the close connection between the disease emergency rescue system and other medical security systems, adhere to the combination of government-led and encouraging social charitable medical care and the use of third-party professional services, adhere to the combination of government financial input and encouraging social donations, and adhere to the combination of medical institutions undertaking emergency treatment obligations and giving financial subsidies according to law.

　　(3) Job requirements. All kinds of medical institutions at all levels in this Municipality should actively undertake the obligation of emergency treatment, and unconditionally treat patients with acute and critical injuries and those in need of emergency treatment in accordance with the Notice of the General Office of the National Health and Family Planning Commission on Printing and Distributing the Standards for Acute and Critical Injuries and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Norms (No.32 [2013] of the National Health Office), and shall not refuse, shirk or delay for any reason. Emergency treatment should adhere to the principle of timely, effective and reasonable, and treat diseases, check reasonably, use drugs rationally and treat reasonably; For patients who need to be referred in the process of treatment, they should be referred in time according to their condition and in accordance with the principle of proximity and rationality to ensure life safety.

　　II. Establishment, raising and management of disease emergency relief fund

　　(1) Establishment of the fund. The establishment of the Municipal Disease Emergency Relief Fund is mainly responsible for raising funds and paying emergency relief funds to medical institutions.

　　(2) Fund raising. City disease emergency rescue fund through financial investment and social donations and other channels to raise. The Municipal Finance Bureau shall incorporate the subsidy funds of the disease emergency relief fund into the fiscal budget, and incorporate the central special subsidy funds into the overall arrangement of the disease emergency relief fund. Encourage all sectors of society to donate to the disease emergency relief fund.

　　(3) Fund management. The Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission shall, jointly with the Municipal Finance Bureau, formulate measures for the supervision and management of fund handling management institutions, and select qualified charitable foundations, public welfare social organizations or institutions as fund handling management institutions in an open, fair and just manner, which will manage the funds in accordance with the principles of openness, transparency, professionalism and standardization.

　　Three, the application, examination and payment of disease emergency relief fund

　　(1) Fund application. After medical institutions implement emergency treatment for patients, patients are unable to pay for emergency treatment, but there is a clear responsible person or it can be solved through work-related injury insurance, urban basic medical insurance, new rural cooperative medical fund, medical assistance fund, social assistance fund for road traffic accidents, assistance fund for vagrants and beggars and other payment channels. Patients or medical institutions should first apply to the relevant responsible person or other payment channels. Without the above channels or after payment through the above channels, there is still a gap in expenses, and medical institutions may regularly apply for financial subsidies from the Municipal Disease Emergency Relief Fund according to regulations. When applying, the medical institution shall review and summarize the unrecoverable emergency treatment expenses and related materials, and submit the patient’s identity, treatment summary and diagnosis certificate, list of emergency treatment expenses, declaration and payment of other payment channels and other related certification materials.

　　(2) fund review. The municipal disease emergency relief fund management agency is responsible for accepting the application for emergency relief funds submitted by medical institutions, and reviewing the emergency treatment behavior and related expenses of medical institutions; With the assistance of the municipal human resources and social security, health and family planning, civil affairs, public security and other departments, carefully check whether patients have the ability to pay or have other payment channels, and whether other channels have paid the fees according to regulations and other relevant certification materials. Fund management agencies should establish and improve the system and mechanism, improve the rules and regulations, and hire experienced professionals to conduct key audits on medical behaviors and expenses.

　　(3) Fund payment. After the examination and approval of the fund management institution, it shall allocate subsidy funds to the medical institution applying for it within one month; The cumulative time from accepting the application to paying the subsidy or confirming that the subsidy will not be granted shall not exceed three months. For medical institutions with heavy emergency rescue tasks and great pressure on fund advance, the fund handling management institution can refer to the actual expenses incurred in the previous year, and allocate working capital to medical institutions in the form of pre-allocation at the beginning of the year, regular settlement and overpayment and underpayment. The disease emergency rescue fund shall not be used to pay the emergency treatment expenses of patients with verified identity and proven affordability.

　　Four, the supervision and management of disease emergency relief fund

　 　 　 　The Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission and the Municipal Finance Bureau organized the establishment of the Disease Emergency Relief Fund Supervision and Management Committee, which was attended by representatives of relevant departments, deputies to the National People’s Congress, members of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, representatives of donors, representatives of news media and people from all walks of life, such as medical, financial and legal experts, to supervise the management and use of the fund, financial budget and final accounts and other major issues; Entrust a third-party professional organization to conduct an annual audit of the collection, management, use and balance of the disease emergency relief fund, and announce the audit results to the public and accept public supervision.

　　If the fund handling management institution fails to accept and review the application for funding subsidy in accordance with the regulations, or fails to timely allocate the subsidy funds in accordance with the regulations for no reason, the Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission shall, jointly with the Municipal Finance Bureau, give informed criticism, make rectification within a time limit until the fund handling management institution is replaced.

　　For medical institutions that cheat or cheat emergency relief funds, in addition to recovering subsidy funds from them, the Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission will severely deal with medical institutions and their directly responsible persons in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. For patients who cheat or cheat emergency relief funds, medical institutions and fund management agencies should promptly recover arrears from them and return the recovered funds to the disease emergency relief fund.

　　V. Organizational guarantee

　　In accordance with the principle of government organization and leadership, coordination and cooperation between departments, establish a joint meeting system of municipal disease emergency rescue, be responsible for studying and formulating relevant supporting policies and measures, and make overall plans to promote disease emergency rescue work. Members of the joint meeting include the Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission, the Municipal Finance Bureau, the Civil Affairs Bureau, the Municipal Public Security Bureau, the Municipal Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, the Municipal State Taxation Bureau, the Municipal Local Taxation Bureau and other departments, and the office is located in the Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission. All members of the joint meeting should strengthen coordination and cooperation in accordance with the division of responsibilities, form a joint effort, and ensure that the disease emergency rescue system is implemented. Attachment: Establishing the Division of Responsibilities of Beijing Disease Emergency Relief System Attachment: Establishing the Division of Responsibilities of Beijing Disease Emergency Relief System

　　Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission: responsible for taking the lead in formulating the subsidy standards for emergency disease relief, the norms and procedures for confirming the identity and payment ability of emergency disease relief objects, and the supervision and management measures for the management institutions of emergency disease relief funds. Assist the Municipal Finance Bureau to formulate measures for the supervision and management of the municipal disease emergency relief fund. In conjunction with the Municipal Finance Bureau, select and determine the fund handling management institutions, and supervise and guide them to carry out their business. Assist the fund management agency to review and confirm the identity or payment ability of relevant patients. Supervise medical institutions to perform emergency treatment obligations according to laws and regulations, and investigate and deal with illegal acts such as medical institutions and their staff defrauding and taking subsidies.

　　Municipal Finance Bureau: responsible for taking the lead in formulating the measures for the supervision and management of municipal disease emergency relief funds, and determining the fund raising scale, subsidy methods and standards. To assist the Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission in formulating the subsidy standards for disease emergency relief and the measures for the supervision and administration of the management institutions of disease emergency relief funds. Assist the Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission in selecting and determining the fund handling management institution, and supervise and guide its business. Responsible for the government investment in the city’s disease emergency relief fund, arrange the operating expenses of the fund management agency according to the way the government purchases services, and guide and supervise the use and management of the fund.

　　Civil Affairs Bureau: responsible for assisting the Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission in formulating the norms and procedures for confirming the identity and payment ability of the emergency aid recipients. Assist medical institutions and fund management agencies to review and confirm the identity and payment ability of relevant patients. Guide the district and county civil affairs departments to do a good job in allocating medical assistance funds for social assistance objects and assistance funds for vagrants and beggars within their respective jurisdictions.

　　Municipal Public Security Bureau: responsible for assisting the Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission in formulating the norms and procedures for confirming the identity and payment ability of emergency relief objects. Assist medical institutions and fund management agencies to review and confirm the identity and payment ability of relevant patients. Supervise and coordinate the allocation of social assistance funds for road traffic accidents.

　　Municipal Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security: responsible for assisting the Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission in formulating the norms and procedures for confirming the identity and payment ability of emergency relief objects. Assist medical institutions and fund management agencies to review and confirm the identity and payment ability of relevant patients. Supervise the social insurance management institutions to pay the emergency treatment expenses of insured patients.

　　Municipal State Taxation Bureau and Municipal Local Taxation Bureau: responsible for implementing the preferential tax policies for disease emergency relief funds to accept social donations in accordance with relevant state regulations.

　　District and county governments: organize district and county health and family planning departments to assist medical institutions and fund management agencies to verify whether the rescued object belongs to the new rural cooperative medical system and pay the emergency treatment expenses payable by the new rural cooperative medical system according to regulations; Strengthen the daily supervision of medical institutions to fulfill their obligations of emergency treatment.

　　Medical institutions: All kinds of medical institutions at all levels in this city should establish and improve the organization and leadership mechanism, designate relevant departments to be responsible for the daily management of disease emergency rescue, undertake emergency rescue obligations in accordance with relevant state regulations, and organize emergency rescue work. Public medical institutions should improve the internal control mechanism, and write off part of the first-aid arrears incurred by the aid recipients by charging bad debt reserves. Encourage non-public medical institutions to take the initiative to write off the first-aid expenses of emergency relief objects.

　　Fund handling and management institution: responsible for accepting and reviewing the application for financial subsidies and related certification materials submitted by medical institutions, and checking the basic information such as the identity, payment ability and other payment channels of arrears patients with the assistance of relevant departments; Timely disbursement of subsidy funds to medical institutions according to regulations; Pre-allocate working capital to medical institutions that often undertake first aid work; Recover emergency treatment expenses from patients who have the ability to pay or other payment channels; To recover the emergency relief funds that have been defrauded or taken from the medical institutions with outstanding problems; Do a good job in raising social donation funds and other management work.

　

　　　 This year’s Lunar New Year is really lively. Ang Lee, Xiaogang Feng, Wong Kar-wai and other big directors are all playing with new films, and Xu Zheng, who plays well and leads, is coming to "join in the excitement" with his debut "Sorry". In such a year-end movie market, director Jiarui Zhang created a new way to play "Little Fresh". The new film will be released on January 12th, and the performance lineup of international fans has also become a highlight of the whole film. Singaporean high-quality idol Leon Jay Williams "takes over" starring Wu Xiubo, and meets South Korean sexy goddess Hong Xiaoxi, who is deeply in love with life and death.

　　　 In the film Lemon, Leon Jay Williams plays the hero "Zhou Nuo" as a kind-hearted young man who is bent on pursuing his ideals, while Hong Xiaoxi plays a popular Korean female anchor "Xu Xiujing". Their life trajectories were originally different, but they became attached to lemon and developed a fresh and sad romantic love story.

　　　 As their first collaboration, Leon Jay Williams and Hong Xiaoxi spent a lot of time working together from the initial language barrier to the later skillful partnership. One tried to help each other to integrate the China environment, and the other insisted on using Chinese dialogue. With their tenacious perseverance and perfect pursuit of performance, the two leading actors not only won the praise of director Jiarui Zhang, "They performed the sweet and sour love in the play very well", but also became good friends with each other after four months of getting along and cooperation.

　　　 In all the works starring Leon Jay Williams, "sunny, handsome, sexy and gentleman" seems to be the unchanging key word. This time, in the movie Lemon, he still exudes unique taste and charm, but he is unwilling to be a "rich second generation" again. The change of his identity will also let the audience see the other side of Leon Jay Williams. However, even if he has no money, the positive energy of handsomeness, kindness and integrity still makes him quite popular with women. In addition to Hong Xiaoxi, Kym and another character also have a special liking for Leon Jay Williams, to which Leon Jay Williams admits that they are very lucky. "Although the three women are very happy after me, there are many inner plays in this role, so it is also hard to shoot. This time I played a very ordinary person, not Gao Fushuai, and I believe I will give you many different feelings. "

　　　 From idol drama to Lemon, Leon Jay Williams perfectly realized the transformation from idol to strength. Speaking of his performance in the film, director Jiarui Zhang was full of praise: "Leon Jay Williams is clean, simple, handsome and sunny, really like a prince, and his authenticity and freshness are in line with ‘ Zhou Nuo ’ 。” When talking about the heroine Hong Xiaoxi, Jiarui Zhang praised her as a goddess: "Hong Xiaoxi is known as the goddess of charm in South Korea. She is very powerful and crying well, and her partner with Leon Jay Williams is perfect."

　　　 On January 12, 2013, meet the person you love or the person who loves you, and walk into the cinema together to feel the love flavor of Lemon.

　　(Graphic irrelevant) Figure/Guangzhou Daily All-Media Reporter Chen Youzi

　　Joint pain is high in winter, especially shoulder pain. Many people think that it may be caused by cold or cervical fatigue. Just put on more clothes and have a rest.

　　Liu Yongxin, deputy chief physician of the Second Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Second People’s Hospital, reminded that there is a kind of "shoulder pain" that may be caused by heart disease. It is necessary to seek medical treatment in time so as not to miss the best treatment opportunity.

　　Guangzhou Daily All-Media Reporter He Xuehua Correspondent Wang Meng

　　Is shoulder pain really tiring?

　　When encountering shoulder pain, many people usually feel "just tired", especially those who often sit in front of the computer and work at their desks for a long time. Shoulder pain is normal. Usually get up and exercise, or do a simple massage to relieve it quickly.

　　For Guo Qiang (a pseudonym), an office worker in Guangzhou, this "shoulder pain" has become a big trouble.

　　The 43-year-old Guo Qiang is in middle age, and he is the pillar of the family. He is usually in good health, but he suddenly appeared flustered the other day and then fainted. The frightened family quickly dialed 120 and sent him to the hospital. After the medical staff struggled to rescue him, Guo Qiang finally turned the corner. The attending doctor said that Guo Qiang had an acute myocardial infarction this time. Fortunately, he was rescued in time, otherwise he would probably die.

　　When asking about the family members, the doctor found a detail: as early as a week ago, Guo Qiang told his family that his left shoulder hurt. The family thought it was caused by fatigue, so they didn’t care. Liu Yongxin, deputy director of the Second Department of Cardiology, Guangdong Second People’s Hospital, told his family that sometimes shoulder pain is an atypical symptom before myocardial infarction, not just muscle pain that everyone thinks.

　　Before female myocardial infarction

　　There are many atypical symptoms

　　"Before the onset of acute myocardial infarction in coronary heart disease, angina pectoris is often used as a precursor symptom. Failure to find it in time will delay treatment." According to Liu Yongxin, the symptoms of angina vary from person to person. Most of them are chest tightness and chest pain. Atypical symptoms can be manifested as abdominal pain, shoulder and arm pain, neck and pharynx pain, and even toothache.

　　"Angina pectoris is the pain caused by chemical products stimulating visceral nerves. Because the positioning is unclear, the pain parts are often diversified." Liu Yongxin pointed out that women have more atypical symptoms.

　　When angina pectoris is suspected, ECG is the simplest and most convenient identification method. Through the nature, inducement, relieving factors and accompanying symptoms of pain, it can also be roughly judged whether it is shoulder musculoskeletal pain or angina pectoris.

　　Generally speaking, angina pectoris can be relieved by quiet rest at the time of intense activity or emotional excitement, which usually lasts for several minutes to ten minutes. If the pain lasts for more than half an hour, you must see a doctor in time. However, the pain of skeletal muscles is related to a large number of local activities or local cold, and the pain is clearly located and lasts for a long time.

　　Liu Yongxin pointed out that the cold weather in winter is the high incidence season of cardiovascular diseases. People with basic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and obesity should pay special attention, and people who smoke, drink and are nervous should also attach great importance to it. People with family history and middle-aged and elderly patients should have regular physical examinations. Pay special attention to the abnormal symptoms that suddenly appear on the body, especially the atypical symptoms mentioned above, and don’t be careless.

　　Attention!

　　These may be

　　"distress signal" of the heart

　　The following may be signs of heart disease:

　　1. indigestion.

　　Different from ordinary stomach diseases, stomach pains caused by heart disease rarely cause colic and sharp pain, and tenderness is not common, but there is a feeling of oppression and fullness, sometimes accompanied by dull pain, burning sensation and nausea and vomiting. There may be some relief after defecation, but the uncomfortable feeling will not disappear completely.

　　2. Shortness of breath.

　　Shortness of breath means feeling "insufficient breath". After sitting still for a few minutes, breathing seems to return to normal, but when the patient walks again, breathing begins again. This wheezing symptom of heart disease is often ignored by women and elderly patients with lung disease.

　　3. Extremely tired.

　　After a brisk walk, there will be signs of extreme fatigue, so tired that I don’t even have the strength to straighten up. Fatigue is not confined to a certain part of the body, but is systemic. If you feel more tired than ever, you should go to the hospital for examination immediately.

　　4. shoulder pain.

　　Different from ordinary shoulder pain, this kind of pain is generally dull, not sharp, and often radiates to the front and inside of the arm until the little finger. Most of them are fatigue, and the pain is relieved after rest. Of course, this symptom of heart disease needs to be differentiated from cervical spondylosis.

　　In particular, these may also be "distress signals" of the heart:

　　1. The lower lip and ring finger on one side are numb, paroxysmal and sometimes accompanied by sweating;

　　2. Toothache, excluding the problems of the teeth themselves, is best to have a look at the cardiology department;

　　3. Headache, especially accompanied by symptoms of chest tightness, intensifies during activities, and it is better to stop and rest;

　　4. Abdominal pain, which feels like "spicy" pain like eating a lot of peppers, sometimes accompanied by nausea and vomiting;

　　5. Back pain, from front chest pain to back, is radial pain, especially when accompanied by sweating.

You will enjoy a series of preferential policies when you buy Toyota Rongfang Double Engine E+ in Huizhou City, Guangdong Province. The details are as follows: First, the government provides cash subsidy of 15,000 yuan for replacement users. You can easily apply by searching for "Guangdong Huanxin" on WeChat and clicking on the car replacement subsidy. The subsidy is valid from January 1, 2025 to December 31, 2025, ensuring that your old car replacement process is not only Unfortunately, at present, the manufacturer has not released the additional subsidy policy for this model. Please pay attention to the follow-up updates to keep abreast of the latest preferential information.

Relying on the accurate evaluation of the automobile V and the double verification of the measured data, the performance and design highlights of Toyota Rongfang dual-engine E+ are indeed worthy of our in-depth discussion. In terms of power performance, the 2.5 two-wheel drive version of Rongfang dual-engine E+ shows good strength, and the acceleration of 0.000 km takes only 8.69 seconds. Compared with the fuel version, the speed-up performance is even better, providing drivers with more abundant power experience, especially for users who pursue driving pleasure. This improvement is undoubtedly a plus item. On the technical level, the fourth-generation THS hybrid system equipped in the new car not only reduces the energy loss, but also significantly improves the power output by adopting a miniaturized and high-speed motor, achieving a perfect balance between power and economy. In terms of design, Rongfang Shuangqing E+ adopts the front face kit of the American version of RAV4, the air intake grille filled with blackened large-size decorative panels and the front surround supported by thick black decorative strips, which makes the front face more tough, while the side and tail of the car body maintain the original smooth lines, and only the "20th anniversary" exclusive logo and the new style of matte aluminum alloy wheels are added in the details, which not only maintains the classic but also does not lose new ideas. In the interior, the addition of high-definition suspended central control panel and new style full LCD instrument has significantly enhanced the sense of science and technology, and made the cockpit modern and practical. In terms of power configuration, in addition to the 2.0L fuel version, the 2.5L plug-in hybrid version meets the needs of different users for power and economy. At the same time, according to different models, it is also equipped with a four-wheel drive system to ensure stable performance in various road conditions. With this configuration,For users who pay attention to the cost of car maintenance, it means lower fuel consumption and better driving experience, which is an ideal choice for both performance and economy.

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　　CCTV News:Experts believe that the participation of a country or an enterprise in the global value chain is mainly manifested in two dimensions, one is its position in the global value chain, and the other is the breadth and depth of its participation. If it occupies a longer position in the value chain, it can absorb more jobs and create more wealth.

　　In the process of changing the global value chain, how can China enterprises constantly change to adapt to the changes in the external environment and move towards the high end of the global value chain? Many experts expressed their views in the column "On Tao".

　　Li Yubo, CEO of Jiahua Chemical Co., Ltd.: My understanding of the value chain has three dimensions. One dimension is the length of the value chain, that is, from raw materials to customer terminals. What is this length?　

　　The second dimension, in fact, is productivity. In the process of completing the whole value chain, in fact, the productivity of enterprises in different countries and regions is different, and it will also have a very big impact on the whole value chain.

　　The third aspect, in fact, is the whole efficiency, supply cycle and supply radius, and the time it takes for us to complete a primary product to the final customer demand product.

　　From the perspective of factors of production, we can’t actually change the cost of raw materials and labor. From the perspective of China, our labor cost is definitely rising, and there may be some division of labor that is shifting like some areas with raw material resources or labor cost resources, but at the same time, China has a very strong population of engineers, which can actually help us gain great value in the process of obtaining raw materials and labor transfer.

　　The second aspect, in fact, is productivity. Then I will see many countries, which have no advantage in labor costs, but assuming that their productivity is very advantageous, their production efficiency is very high, and in fact, many values will be retained in this country and region.

　　The third is the efficiency of the supply radius. From the field of chemicals, it is true that its bulk reduced products are not suitable for long-term transportation and long-distance transportation. It is possible to complete the whole industrial chain support nearby, which is very critical from the perspective of safety or the highest efficiency.

　　In fact, the value chain of petrochemical industry or the whole global value chain, I think, will be constantly changing in the future. Then whether all enterprises have a long-term strategy, ten, twenty or thirty years, it is very important to predict this change in advance.

　　Woodk, President of the European Chamber of Commerce in China and Chief Representative of BASF China: China has become the workshop of the world and should be proud of it. It has wonderful clusters, Guangdong’s electronic and electrical equipment industry clusters, you have the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta, which is an area with incredible clusters. So whenever I am asked, are European companies considering leaving China? I would say 98% no, because it is difficult to leave these clusters and replicate them in other parts of the world. China has just established a regional supply chain, which, frankly speaking, is world-class and unparalleled.

On April 18th, Huawei officially announced the launch of "HUAWEI Pura 70 Series Pioneer Program", and Pura 70 Ultra and Pura 70 Pro went on sale at 10:08 today. Xiaolei noticed that these two models have been sold online in Huawei, and they will be sold out soon after the sale. The next sale time is 10:08 on April 22.

In addition, some offline channels of Huawei also opened the sales of corresponding models simultaneously. The small partners sent by Lei Technology came to Huawei’s Sakata flagship store in Shenzhen and felt the fiery atmosphere of the first sale of Huawei Pura 70 series.

(Source: Produced by Lei Technology)

Huawei Pura 70 series has once again adopted the "before sale" mode. With the official launch of the new machine, the corresponding parameter information of the product is also announced, and we can finally take a quick look.

Huawei Pura 70 series has four models, namely Pura 70, Pura 70 Pro, Pura 70 Ultra and Pura 70 Pro+. Pura 70 Pro and Pura 70 Ultra, which are first sold this time, are expected to be the main models of this series. Let’s first understand their basic information.

The first is Huawei Pura 70 Pro, whose main parameters and specifications are as follows:

And Pura 70 Ultra, the main parameter information is:

The basic version of Pura 70, the core parameters are:

Pura 70 Pro+, the parameter information is:

After the hardware configuration of these four models, we can see that the differences between them are mainly reflected in the aspects of image, storage and fast charging.

Both Pura 70 Ultra and Pura 70 Pro series adopt super-focusing macro telephoto, which is also a major change brought by Huawei’s new machine in image.This lens can be used for long-distance shooting and close-up micro-scene shooting, and the focal length it covers is also very suitable for taking portraits.

It is understood that Huawei, a super-concentrated macro telephoto lens, has a recent focus distance of 5cm and a macro zoom of 35X. Moreover, it has an aperture of F2.1, which Huawei says is the largest aperture in the industry’s periscope telephoto. In this way, in the dark environment, it can shoot clearer and higher-quality image works at macro or telephoto.

(Source: Huawei)

It is worth noting that among the four new machines, Pura 70 Ultra is the only one equipped with a super-concentrated telescopic main camera. This is a major innovation of Huawei in the field of mobile images, and it is equipped with the first rotating telescopic lens structure in the industry. In actual use, if the user turns on the main lens, it will automatically extend through the mechanical structure.

Compared with the conventional lens, one of the great advantages of this design is that it can take into account the thickness of the lens and the fuselage, and at the same time, plug in a high-standard camera lens. Thanks to this technology, Huawei Pura 70 Ultra put a 1-inch outsole lens in an 8.4mm thick body and realized the physical aperture of F1.6.

(Source: Huawei)

Huawei officials also demonstrated the capture ability of Pura 70 Ultra through specific scenes and proofs. Through the super-spotlight image system and XD Motion motion engine, it can capture the moment when the car is flying at a high speed of 300 km/h.

(Source: Huawei)

The outsole and large aperture have further improved the imaging quality of Huawei Pura 70 super-large cup model. At the same time, its weight of 220 grams and thickness of 8.4mm will not bring inconvenience to users in daily use. Undoubtedly, through another innovation in the field of imaging, Huawei Pura 70 Ultra has built a differentiated competitive advantage.

Last August, when Huawei Mate60 series was released, its first satellite call function attracted the attention of countless people. Since then, satellite communication related functions have been the standard of Huawei products. Most of the Huawei Pura 70 series that debuted this time support satellite communication, but different models support it differently.

First of all, Huawei Pura 70 Pro, Pura 70 Pro+ and Pura 70 Ultra first supported the Beidou satellite image sending function.Specifically, when using the Beidou message function in the mobile phone, users can not only send text messages, but also send pictures now, and the experience is closer to the IM application that users use every day.

(Source: Huawei)

Secondly, Huawei Pura 70 Pro+ and Huawei Pura 70 Ultra not only support Beidou satellite messages, but also support satellite call function (based on Tiantong satellite), which can be activated by inserting the mobile phone card of China Telecom.In other words, if you want to use satellite calls, then these two models are available.

In terms of chips, Huawei officials have not released specific information. However, according to netizens, through testing software, it was found that the chip on Huawei Pura 70 Pro/Ultra is Kirin 9010, and its CPU architecture is 2 2.3GHz+6 2.18GHz+4 1.55GHz, with a total of 12 cores. However, @ Fixed Focus Digital said that the current software identification is wrong. The CPU architecture of this chip is still 8 cores, and the GPU is Maliang 910, which is the same as Kirin 9000S.

(Source: Weibo)

Looking at it now, the chip carried by Huawei Pura 70 series should be a small change of Kirin 9000S. The actual performance of Kirin 9000S has been experienced by Huawei Mate60 Pro before. For Kirin 9010, Xiao Lei’s initial judgment is that the performance is enough to meet the daily use needs of users.

In terms of appearance, Huawei Pura 70 series has made great changes. On the back of the fuselage, Pura 70 series adopts triangular lens module design, which greatly increases the recognition of appearance.

In addition, Pura 70 Pro+ uses nano-weaving technology to etch stripe-like texture on the glass back cover. Different models of Pura 70 series also have their own exclusive color matching, which is consistent in appearance design, but there are also differences, forming a positioning division.

(Source: Huawei)

In terms of price, PURA 70,5499 yuan, Pura 70 Pro 6499 yuan, Pura 70 Pro+ 7999 yuan and Pura 70 Ultra 9999 yuan. Obviously, Huawei Pura 70 series mainly covers the flagship and high-end markets, and the products with price ranging from 5,000 to 10,000+are the target range of this series.

Generally speaking, the highly anticipated Huawei Pura 70 series has achieved satisfactory performance at the product level. In terms of specific functions closely related to users, it has greatly upgraded the configuration and technology of images, brought super-focusing macro telephoto lens, and provided users with better experience in macro and telephoto scenes.

The Pura 70 Ultra is the first super-spotlight telescopic main camera, which breaks the convention and crams a high-specification outsole lens into a narrow space, taking into account the image quality and the thinness of the fuselage, providing enough product selling points for positioning the new products of the super flagship.

In addition, Pura 70 series has brought satisfactory innovation and upgrade in design, satellite communication and fast charging technology, which has supported the positioning of high-end flagship of new products.

The first sale of Huawei Pura 70 series was undoubtedly a great success. Under the premise of no clear official notice, Huawei Sakata flagship store quickly gathered a large number of people, and the first batch of Pura 70 Pro and Pura 70 Ultra quickly sold out. Online channels, we have also witnessed similar sales.

At this point, we don’t need to use too many languages to demonstrate the success of Pura 70 series. Now, what Huawei needs to do most is still to prepare the goods as soon as possible and use more sources to meet the next sale.

The emergence of Pura 70 series means that the flagship mobile phone market in 2024 has ushered in a strong player. Whether it is the iPhone 15 series or many flagship products of the Android camp, they have to face this opponent who has caused them a headache. The chaos in the high-end mobile phone market has just entered the climax stage.

In addition, Xiao Lei has got the real Huawei Pura 70 Ultra machine and brought a hands-on experience. You can see the freshly baked first-hand information by clicking it.

Beijing international automotive exhibition (Beijing Auto Show) will be held grandly from April 25th to May 4th. The theme of this auto show is "New era, new car", which is the weather vane of "cars moving from electrification to intelligence".

By then, head brands including BYD, Xiaomi, AITO Wenjie, Tucki, Weilai, Ideality, Extreme Krypton, Extreme Yue and Chang ‘an Deep Blue will all appear. In addition to the "big competition" of new models, the promotion of autonomous driving technology, the evolution of intelligent cockpit and the combination of AI model and automobile will all be important highlights. The account Tramway, which is owned by Lei Technology and is "concerned about electric vehicles and more intelligent", will send a report group to Beijing for first-line professional reports, so please pay attention.

　　The theme of World Meteorological Day in 2022 is "Early warning, early action: meteorological, hydrological and climatic information to help prevent and reduce disasters".

　　When disasters come, being prepared and taking action at the right time and place can effectively prevent and mitigate disasters and protect people’s lives and property. Meteorological disaster warning information is the most important warning light before meteorological disasters come, and it is an essential message tree for disaster prevention and mitigation.

　　What are the meteorological disaster warnings? What do different colors represent? Where do we get the early warning information? Today, I will take you to explore the early warning of meteorological disasters and the stories behind it.

　　14 categories and 4 levels

　　At present, the Central Meteorological Observatory has issued 14 kinds of meteorological disaster warnings under the authorization of China Meteorological Bureau.

　　According to the possible harm and urgency of meteorological disasters, the meteorological disaster warning is set to four levels: blue, yellow, orange and red, which respectively represent ordinary, heavy, serious and particularly serious. Some warnings have only one, two or three levels.

　

　　With the gradual improvement of meteorological disaster risk prevention system, the ability of meteorological disaster monitoring, forecasting and early warning has been significantly improved. In the past five years, the National Early Warning Information Publishing Center has published an average of 195,000 meteorological warning messages every year, with rainstorm, fog and high temperature being the most published meteorological disaster warnings in these five years.　　

　　Where does meteorological warning come from?

　　Step 1: Observe-See the atmosphere clearly.　　

　　Step 2: Forecast-man-machine "diagnosis"　　

　　At this point, a meteorological disaster warning information was born.

　　Who will receive the meteorological disaster warning information at the first time? How fast is it released?　　

　　How does the public get early warning information?

　　Convenient, efficient and wide-coverage information acquisition channels are one of the prerequisites for "early action". The data shows that SMS, radio, TV, Internet or smart terminals are all convenient channels for the public to obtain early warning information. With the cooperation of multi-channel publishing means, the comprehensive public coverage rate of early warning reached 92.7%.　　

　　It is worth noting that China has a vast territory and abundant resources, and the climate is complex and diverse. There are typhoons along the coast and sandstorms in the northwest. The same 50 mm rainfall in summer brings coolness to the coastal areas, but it may bring disasters to the northwest. Therefore, local meteorological departments follow the principle of "localization", issue local early warning signals according to the classification of meteorological early warning and the characteristics of local meteorological disasters. In other words, the early warning signals of meteorological disasters in different places are not completely unified, so we must focus on the early warning information issued by the local meteorological observatory.

　　What action should we take when we receive the warning signal of meteorological disaster? Different situations have different answers.

　　Meteorological disaster early warning can be roughly divided into two situations. The blue and yellow warning signals are "early warning", indicating that although it is still relatively calm, the danger may be in front of us; Orange and red warning signal are generally warnings when bad weather is "in progress"-bad weather has happened and may be further upgraded.　　

　　Past lives of Meteorological Warning

　　The development of meteorological disaster early warning also reflects the transformation of China’s characteristic meteorological disaster prevention, mitigation and relief system.

　　In 1954, the State Council of the Central People’s Government issued the "Instructions on Strengthening the Forecast, Early Warning and Prevention of Severe Weather", and the meteorological disaster warning first appeared in the public eye. At that time, the forecasting and early warning mainly relied on experience, and the means of communication were limited, and the popularity was not high.

　　At the end of the 20th century, with the progress of atmospheric science, the upgrading of observation methods and the continuous improvement of meteorological science and technology such as monitoring and forecasting, the accuracy of forecasting is getting higher and higher, and early warning is also playing an increasingly significant role.

　　In April, 2007, China Meteorological Bureau formulated and issued "Measures for Issuing Meteorological Disaster Warning of Central Meteorological Observatory (Trial)", which is applicable to eight types of meteorological disaster warning, divided into orange warning and red warning.

　　In April 2010, the number of meteorological disaster early warning increased to 13 categories. Each type of meteorological disaster warning has at most four levels, which are expressed in four colors: blue, yellow, orange and red.

　　In August 2013, a new method for issuing strong convective warning was added. So far, meteorological disaster warning has increased by 14 categories.

　　In 2015, the National Early Warning Information Release Center was established, and the meteorological disaster warning was issued authoritatively from here.

　　In December 2018, a new method for issuing sea fog warning was added to the fog meteorological disaster warning.

　　Deep integration and optimization of services needed by people’s livelihood

　　The national early warning information publishing platform not only publishes 14 kinds of meteorological disaster warnings, but also publishes meteorological disaster forecasting and early warning information jointly carried out by China Meteorological Bureau and relevant departments, so as to fully protect public safety actions.　　

　　In recent years, meteorological departments at all levels have actively integrated into and served the construction of a modern economic system, optimized meteorological disaster early warning services needed by people’s livelihood, and cooperated with high-impact industries and departments in depth, so that the "meteorological early warning+"service is closer to the needs of the people.　　

　　Endeavor, new journey, new era of meritorious service

　　The Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Meteorological Development proposes to strengthen all-weather and high-precision comprehensive stereoscopic monitoring of meteorological disasters, improve the accuracy of meteorological disaster prediction and early warning, and extend the forecast period of meteorological disasters.　　

　　In the future, the early warning of meteorological disasters will focus on improving the accuracy, advance and refinement of early warning of heavy rain and local sudden strong convection.

　　Pay attention to early warning and predict risks.

　　Rain or shine, we are always by your side.

China Meteorological Bureau Meteorological Propaganda and Popular Science Center (China Meteorological News Agency) National Early Warning Information Publishing Center jointly produced.　　

Expert Consultant: Chen Jin, Deputy Chief of Public Meteorological Service Center.

　　Planning: Yan Hong Yan Xin

　　Cartography: National Early Warning Information Release Center

　　(Editor: Yan Hong)

　　Mr. Li, a citizen, reported that some people sold a variety of brand-name cigarettes on the second-hand trading platform. In addition, there are some three-no e-cigarettes. Some citizens said that counterfeit e-cigarettes were purchased on the platform. Yesterday, the Beijing Morning Post reporter found that most cigarettes and e-cigarettes sold online did not have purchase vouchers, so it was impossible to verify the authenticity. According to the relevant provisions of the Measures for the Administration of Tobacco Monopoly Licenses, online sales of tobacco are prohibited. The customer service said that it had been informed and would handle it.

　　Tobacco went to the second-hand platform.

　　According to Mr. Li, he bought a "hard Chinese" cigarette on the second-hand trading platform Xianyu. com, and the price was much cheaper than that of the retail store. "Stores are generally more than 600 yuan, and online sales are only more than 300 yuan, which is cheaper than duty-free shops." This made him feel excited, and at the same time he doubted whether the smoke was true or not.

　　The reporter entered keywords such as "China" and "Yuxi" on the Internet, and immediately displayed the sales information of hundreds of merchants. Some merchants mark the price of cigarettes. A hard Chinese cigarette only needs 200 yuan, which is several hundred yuan cheaper than a cigarette store. The reporter’s investigation found that the cigarettes sold on the platform are brand-name cigarettes. The reporter saw that a seller registered in Chaoyang District sold Chinese cigarettes in 300 yuan. Although many people make inquiries and consultations under cigarettes, the real transaction volume shows zero.

　　There is no receipt for selling e-cigarettes

　　In the investigation, the reporter found that not only cigarettes are sold on the second-hand platform of idle fish, but also a wide variety of electronic cigarettes are sold. The reporter saw on the Internet that the merchants posted photos of these e-cigarettes on the Internet, and other information was incomplete. On the packaging of some e-cigarettes, there are no relevant certificates such as production licenses, which belong to three no products. Mr. Liu, who once bought an e-cigarette on a second-hand platform, told reporters that the e-cigarette he bought was very inferior, and the cigarette holder was also broken, so there was no way to use it. "The seller also sold me 120 yuan. I saw in the small commodity wholesale market that only the same quality was sold to 35 yuan, which was really cheated."

　　In addition, the reporter asked a number of sellers to provide vouchers at the time of purchase, and the sellers’ answers were "not kept". A seller said that there is no way to prove whether the tobacco sold is genuine, and it can only be verified after buying it back. "This is second-hand, who can keep the receipt for you?".

　　Cigarettes are banned online.

　　The reporter learned that according to China’s "Measures for the Administration of Tobacco Monopoly Licenses", "except for enterprises that have obtained tobacco monopoly production enterprise licenses and tobacco monopoly wholesale enterprise licenses, any individual, legal representative or other organization may not sell tobacco monopoly products through information networks, so online cigarette shops are illegal." At present, the customer service of the idle fish second-hand platform indicates that the situation has been registered and will be handled.

　　The staff of the R&D Center of Beijing Tobacco Bureau reminded the public that buying tobacco products online is harmful, and everyone must not buy cigarettes online for petty gain. In addition, if a citizen finds someone selling tobacco products illegally, he can call 12313 to report it.

　　Beijing Morning Post Hotline News

　　Reporter Zhang Jingya

　　Effects of cigarette smoke (CSE) and electronic cigarette vapor (ECVE) on biofilm. Image source: Respiratory Research

　　In recent years, e-cigarettes are controversial. And a recent report published in the open access journal Respiratory Research may increase the bargaining chip for one side of this debate.

　　Scientists have previously found that smoking-related diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, are related to some specific bacteria. E-cigarettes have similar effects on these bacteria as traditional cigarettes.

　　Security and attribute doubts

　　E-cigarette is an electronic product that imitates traditional tobacco. It has the same appearance, smoke and taste as cigarettes, and even gives smokers the same feeling.

　　It usually consists of a cigarette tube containing nicotine solution, an evaporation device and a battery. By means of atomization, e-cigarette turns nicotine into steam, and then it is smoked by users.

　　E-cigarettes became all the rage after the efforts of tobacco control in many countries increased. Because it is considered as a safer substitute for traditional tobacco, it is regarded as a reliable "smoking cessation means" because it contains no harmful components such as tar and suspended particles.

　　However, the nature and safety of e-cigarettes have always been controversial. At present, the United States, South Korea and other countries define e-cigarettes as tobacco products, Austria, Canada, Britain and other countries define e-cigarettes as medical products, and Italy, Russia and other countries define them as ordinary consumer goods. At the same time, as early as 2013, German researchers conducted research and analysis on e-cigarettes, and found that e-cigarettes contain a lot of propylene glycol, which may stimulate the respiratory tract and cause some acute symptoms, which may be more harmful than traditional cigarettes. Since then, there have been repeated studies that smoking e-cigarettes for a long time may also lead to dependence on nicotine.

　　Increase the harmfulness of pulmonary pathogenic bacteria

　　The latest report shows that acute lung disease is related to the use of e-cigarettes containing nicotine and traditional cigarettes. The research team from the School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, UK, made a detailed comparison of the effects of cigarette smoke and e-cigarette steam on bacteria known to be associated with smoking-related long-term lung disease.

　　The researchers exposed Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cigarette smoke extract or e-cigarette vapor extract for culture. The bacteria in the control group were cultured in an environment without cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor extract.

　　The researchers found that exposure to cigarette smoke or e-cigarette vapor extract did not seem to have a bad effect on the growth of these bacteria. However, exposure to these extracts increased the biofilm formation of these bacteria, and this effect did not appear in the unexposed control group. Biofilm is an aggregate of one or more types of microorganisms, and it is known that the increase of biofilm is a process of many different types of microbial infections.

　　This discovery may indicate that cigarette smoke and e-cigarette steam will enhance the harmfulness of common pulmonary pathogens and help the formation of stubborn infections.

　　In order to evaluate the harmful degree of bacteria exposed to cigarette smoke or e-cigarette vapor extract — — Or pathogenic changes, the researchers infected the larvae of the great wax moth with bacteria, which are a model organism of human infection and can test the influence of bacterial infection on the survival rate of larvae. However, the survival rate of Cercospora mellifera infected with bacteria exposed to cigarette smoke or e-cigarette steam extract decreased compared with that of the control group.

　　In further experiments, the research team showed that bacteria infected human lung cells under the exposure of cigarette smoke extract or e-cigarette vapor extract, and found that the amount of interleukin -8 (an important factor related to inflammation) secreted by these cells increased.

　　More cigarettes in each bite?

　　Deldri Kilpin, the correspondent of the study, said: "A recurring theme of this study is that the exposure of cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor has similar effects on bacterial behavior and pathogenicity. These findings show that e-cigarettes have similar effects on common pulmonary pathogens or cigarettes. "

　　The researchers cautioned that cigarette smoke and e-cigarette vapor extracts used in the experiment were prepared in a similar way, so they may not reflect the difference in nicotine exposure between smoking and smoking e-cigarettes.

　　Kilpin believes: "Compared with traditional smokers, e-cigarette users smoke more and smoke longer in each bite, which may increase nicotine intake. Therefore, our model may underestimate the nicotine exposure of respiratory pathogens in e-cigarette vapor. "

　　In this study, the researchers used a common brand of e-cigarette, which had no added flavor, and bacteria were only exposed once in smoke and steam extracts. They believe that further research is needed to investigate the aroma substances in e-cigarettes and the effects of their long-term exposure. (Reporter Zhang Mengran)