This article is revised according to an interview with Ying Da, the director of I Love My Family, and the material is provided by Xinxing Publishing House.

There are many political jokes in I Love My Family. Why can it pass the censorship?

　　　　　　　　At that time, it was difficult to pass the censorship, which was similar to that now, but the consultant of our play was Wang Guangying (vice chairman of the Sixth and Seventh National Committees). In 1993, he was elected as the vice chairman of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC)), the leader of the Party and the state.

　　　　　　　　It’s not generally getting support, (this) was taken by his company. The closing subtitles of I Love My Family show China International Culture and Art Center and Changchun Hengda Enterprise Development Co., Ltd., and Wang Guangying is the chairman of China International Culture and Art Center. He also came to the scene when we were filming, and he also came to turn it off, so he may pay a little attention to the censorship. I believe he didn’t use his position to say anything, but people will give a green light when they see him.

　　　　　　　　(Seeing the jokes made by Lao Fu) Wang Guangying thought it was funny. He said, What’s wrong with it? So in fact, the really big leaders are very open-minded and have a global concept. If we don’t have a lot of superstitions in the film and television industry, two factors are too beneficial to my success, one is called "Guangying" and the other is called "Hengda". Think about it, isn’t it providence? It must be successful.

How to invite those guest stars?

　　　　　　　　The guest actors in an episode are called guest stars (guest stars), or in English, guest stars. We set a policy that all guest stars must be big names. President DEC, I also have this consideration when I play, because it is too difficult for us to find a wrist, especially if there are few such plays, you have to find a wrist, so I have to keep it for myself. The guest star’s plays are generally full, so since I’m here, I’ll use an episode.

Wei Liu

　　　　　　　　The first guest star we agreed on was Liu Wei, while Zhao Mingming was filming The Kyoto Chronicle. Zhao Mingming and Liu Wei were both in the crew of Kyoto Chronicle, and Zhao Mingming called Liu Wei. Liu Wei didn’t say anything. He was a very, very brave man, and I cooperated with Liu Wei many times later.

Wang Zhiwen, Jiang Shan.

　　　　　　　　And some people also want to try comedy, otherwise their comic talents may never be known. For example, Wang Zhiwen, Wang Zhiwen is one of the best comedians I have ever seen. His comic talent is not below that of any comedian, but no one thought that he would play this role (the mental patient in Friends of Life). You see, he performed a scene in I Love My Family, but how well he performed it!

　　　　　　　　At that time, it was because "Addiction" was very popular, so we said that these two people must come together. Wang Zhiwen agreed in advance that Jiang Shan had been waiting for his time, and we waited for a long time when he was free to come again. At that time, we said that the situation of actors in China was the "Big Six" (Jiang Wen, Ge You, Chen Daoming, ZhangFeng yi, Li Xuejian and Wang Zhiwen), and the crew invited four.

Jiang Wu, Xia Yu, Jiang Wen

　　　　　　　　At the end of Witness, Jiang Wen was not filmed in the shed of I Love My Family, but in the shooting scene of Sunny Days. It was my first time directing a play. At that time, there were too many things and I was in a hurry. I thought in advance that the ending of this episode must be such a bottom, which is also the plot in an American sitcom. This man is a housewife, an aunt, who saw things moving out across the hall. When she asked about it in the past, people said it was from a moving company. At night, the police came and said that things across the hall had been stolen. Ask her if you saw it. The women said they saw it, not only did they see it, but I also bought a porcelain dog from them. At the end of the story, the police asked her to tell her what the man looked like. She said that he looked particularly like Bob Hope (bob hope, an American comedian). As a result, he was the last to appear in this episode.

　　　　　　　　When shooting, we felt that we had to talk about one person at the end, so who? At that time, "Beijingers in new york" was playing, which was very popular. I said that it would be Jiang Wen. It was Liu Bin who played the police. He played many policemen at that time, and he was a "professional policeman", such as Jiang Wen’s Animal Year. Jiang Wen and I know each other very well. He is my classmate in middle school and Liu Bin’s college classmate. We are always playing together. Liu Bin asked what to do if he couldn’t shoot or didn’t want to do it. I said he dared, and he could change his lines if he really couldn’t. Finally, Jia Zhiguo spoke Wang Qiming (the name of Jiang Wen’s role in Peking Man in new york).

　　　　　　　　I then called Jiang Wen and said that we had said it was you, so you had to come. He said yes, but he was filming in other places and was busy editing later, so I forgot about it. Later, Jiang Wen always called me and said whether you would shoot or not. Finally, he said that my crew had two days left in Beijing, and I said that I would shoot tonight. The machine in the shed can’t be used for outdoor shooting. I have to rent the machine again.

　　　　　　　　Jiang Wen is very serious. I really didn’t expect it. (The people standing with him in the play were all found by Jiang Wen). I originally thought that we would just stand there and shoot him last. There are Liezi and Er Yong in front of them, both of whom are figures. Er Yong is the son of Zhang Yongshou (actor and director), who was the production director of Jiang Wen at that time. Jiang Wen called Jiang Wu and Xia Yu, who was still a child and had no place to stay in Beijing, and followed him every day. Now, this "child" is married.

Cai Ming

　　　　　　　　Originally, I wanted to ask Cai Ming to play it directly, but I can’t say it directly. At that time, Song Dandan and Cai Ming were equivalent to two comedies "Big Sisters". Although they had never made such a comparison, the people thought so, and they had never cooperated before. I came forward to ask her to play a supporting role for Song Dandan, which is tantamount to degrading others, so I don’t think she is necessarily willing to participate. But Cai Ming is really getting worse. Let’s invite her to the scene first. After reading it, she said, needless to say, I want to act. Later, I directed a play specially for Cai Ming, which led to the later "Sister Ma" series. Yang Qing was also introduced from me, so I have a relationship with a female comedian.

Ge You

　　　　　　　　In 1988, Ge You, Liang Tian, Zhang Guoli and others first made The Stubborn, which was a work by Wang Shuo. At that time, I found that Ge You was an excellent actor. The following year, due to a very good chance, Ge You and I made a film "Yellow River Ballad". I was the deputy director, and he played a supporting role, a villain and a bandit. We shared a room, so I was very thin at that time, because I didn’t snore when I lived with him, a man who loves insomnia. Ge You could get up in the middle of the night and turn off the hose in the water room, but he didn’t say I snored. We became very good friends and always had two sips of wine together. I always drink from Ge Youjiao, because I thought drinking Erguotou was for old people. Why do young people drink it? Ge you always said you had to have some, some. He had few scenes in that play. We filmed in northern Shaanxi and Ningxia, and there was nothing around. There was only one court around the small county. Ge You really had nothing to do and ran to the court to listen to the trial. When he came back, he told me that I heard an interesting case today. I said, what are you doing listening to this? Anyway, we became good friends and drank together every night. When he came back from filming, he took pig ears and dried tofu with scallion. He cut it himself, mixed it with soy sauce and vinegar, and waited for me to come back and drink it together at night. Hey, what did I say about this? Anyway, I think Ge You is a very good actor. Wang Shuo said that’s good. Let’s make a play for him.

　　　　　　　　By 1990, I recommended Ge You to play in Besieged City. Director Huang Shuqin always wanted to play Li Meiting with someone who just won the Golden Rooster Award, but he couldn’t wait. Finally, I told the director that I had a friend named Ge You who could play Li Meiting. Huang Shuqin agreed, Ge You gave a performance, and Huang Shuqin commented that it was great. The story of the editorial department was filmed next year.

　　　　　　　　

Why is Leslie Cheung absent?

　　　　　　　　When filming Farewell My Concubine, we agreed that he (Leslie Cheung) would come to take part in the film, and I called him again in the middle. He said that there was no problem. On what date would he be in Beijing, and we specially moved this episode to those days. But I couldn’t get in touch with Leslie Cheung by phone when shooting. At that time, we said we should forget it, because we had a backup plan, that is, he didn’t come himself, and the plot was also established. The backup tape has also been recorded according to this.

　　　　　　　　Then in the evening, Song Dandan went to … I don’t know why I went to Shijiazhuang to shoot an advertisement, maybe it was a acupuncture point. I don’t remember it clearly now. Anyway, she said that if Leslie Cheung didn’t come, she would go, and it would cost a lot of money anyway. And that’s equivalent to making money for our family. As soon as I saw it, I couldn’t wait for Leslie Cheung, so I let her go. And at that time, I also thought of a remedy, that is, even if she went out for a day, she would come back. In case Leslie Cheung could come again, for example, it was Saturday, and she left on Saturday night, so it was really impossible to shoot on Sunday.

　　　　　　　　She left that night, and there was no one in our family. Leslie Cheung said in advance that he would take part in the singer competition of the "King’s Financial Cup" when he came to Beijing. He was the judge and the venue of the competition was in Poly Building. There was nothing else, so I went to Poly that evening. I checked to see if Leslie Cheung was there, and I found that he was there, besides him, there were many people such as Aaron Kwok. Leslie Cheung was sitting in the judge’s box commenting, so I went over and patted him on the shoulder. He asked, why are you here? I said, we agreed to shoot tomorrow. Can you shoot tomorrow? He said no problem. I thought that Song Dandan couldn’t make it back the next day, so I asked if it was ok the day after tomorrow. He said it wouldn’t work, and I had to leave tomorrow night. Opportunity, so missed. That night, he dragged me to sit on the bench for a long time, pretending to be a judge.

　　　　　　　　Leslie Cheung also mentioned it at that time. What do you think? I’ll just take a photo. I don’t think so, because all the people who shot this scene must be on the scene. We are not short of audiences. The story that peace is not on the scene simply doesn’t make sense, so we have no choice but to adopt an alternative.

　　　　　　　　I remember very clearly that in the "King’s Financial Cup", a little female singer won the championship, and several other singers looked very good to me. Later, I decided to invite this champion (Dai Rao) to sing the ending song of "I Love My Family". It was the first theme song of TV series sung by Dai Rao. Later, I got to know Liang Tian and others, and later I acted in a play.

　　　　　　　　At that time, the title of the "King’s Financial Cup" competition was very loud and was publicized everywhere. There are other particularly strange factors, such as how can I get in when I suddenly go to the competition site? Because it happened that Song Dandan’s sister was a manager in poly theatre, I was free to go in and out of Poly. Now everyone knows the emperor, but I haven’t heard the name before. At that time, it was selling watches, which I found particularly strange. This is the only company I have ever seen that put my last name with "Huang" …

Why don’t so many viewers particularly recognize Meng Zhaoyang?

　　　　　　　　It turns out that many of these plays are simply Liang Tian’s, and Liang Tian has to go. What should I do with so many plays? I have to put them on this character. This thing of comedy performance is simply unclear, which is particularly strange. In fact, it turned out that people said they couldn’t do it, and I dragged them here. At the beginning of this role, we thought … Liang Tian was ugly, wasn’t he? We’re looking for a handsome guy, but at the same time a little rascal …

　　　　　　　　We’re looking for Xu Yajun, and Xu Yajun is going to play a wonderful role. He can play the hooligan’s strength. He played The World Found Back. He was originally recommended by Song Dandan, and Xu Yajun and I are also very good friends. We always play mahjong with them.

　　　　　　　　And if he plays, even if the role is particularly irritating, the audience is willing to forgive him, because he is handsome, handsome boy. As a result, someone in Xu Yajun’s family got sick. Just a few days before the start of shooting, he began to recite words with the script. To be honest, he couldn’t shoot it. At that time, the contract had been signed.

　　　　　　　　At that time, we thought about others. There was a man named Zhong Hao who starred in "The Story of Shrimp Ball" and felt sorry for him. Later, he was asked to play a role in "Start Parking". Many people were invited to audition. First of all, they couldn’t pass Liang Huan, because as long as it was Meng Zhaoyang’s plays, most of them were written by Liang Huan. She just shot herself. The original plays were all written for her brother Liang Tian. Now, if someone else comes, she says I have to see if the young man is handsome. She is naive, so she thinks one is beautiful, this one is not good, that one is not good, so marrying me in the end is also a punishment for her.

　　　　　　　　Zhang Yongqiang (as Meng Zhaoyang) has always been my dad’s pet. My dad dotes on him in the boy and Song Dandan in the girl. They both starred in one of my dad’s plays called "God’s Beloved", so people in the theater (Peking People’s Art) said that Ying Ruocheng was God, and these two were darlings. My father said that you should choose him, and I will also play for you in the last 80 episodes.

　　　　　　　　In fact, many people are like that. I followed my dad’s advice. For example, Wen Xingyu, I originally chose Zhu Xu, and Zhu Xu did have "Heart Fragrance" later, so I started to choose others. My dad later mentioned, aren’t you familiar with Wen Xingyu? I said he wasn’t an actor, and he said he did some plays without an actor, which was not bad. And when Wen Xingyu was idle at home, I was ordered to look for him. Of course, I also had some relations with him, but I didn’t know him completely. Wen Xingyu was a young cadre (51 years old) at that time, and the young cadre played the old man directly when he arrived at the crew.

How did the audience laugh in the play?

　　　　　　　　A good audience has several characteristics. First of all, the culture is high. One of our particularly good audiences came from Peking University, and many of the little baggage in it could be understood, so later we formed a consensus that a sense of humor is directly proportional to the level of education or people’s intelligence.

　　　　　　　　Secondly, it is better to have more girls. Girls love to laugh, while boys, especially older men, don’t. In fact, he felt ridiculous in his heart, but he only laughed in his heart, and he had to be stretched on the surface and carry a shelf. Later, when I discussed the nature of comedy with many people, I said that it was difficult to answer whether men or women had a better sense of humor. If we want to create burdens, write comedies or even perform comedies, men are definitely better than women, and excellent female comedians are rare. But if you want to make fun of it, you can understand your comedy and laugh. Women are much better than men. As soon as we (including the actors) saw that all the people present today were male audiences, we felt that it was over, all of them were older men. When I see all the girls, I say, here we are.

　　　　　　　　"The crew came to my house", that is, the episode of "Cats Ignore Butterflies", started shooting on April 27, and there were no students in the Broadcasting Institute during the summer vacation, which was very deadly. At that time, the Beijing Evening News helped us find audiences, including those from dingfuzhuang Middle School and Coal Cadre Management College, including primary school students, and several scenes were attended by primary school students. Pupils have nothing else, and they are really very happy when they are happy. However, due to the limited educational level, he can’t understand it, but his enthusiasm is really enthusiastic. He is happy when the actors are strange, but he doesn’t understand what he should be happy about, and we are also anxious.

　　　　　　　　There are at least hundreds of kinds of laughter. When we make canned laughter, we try these real laughter again and again, and we can’t change this paragraph. In other words, the director should know what kind of laughter a burden should produce. Shang Jing used my laughter from his "Xiangyang Photo Studio" to "The Story of the Cooking Squad" to "The Legend of Wulin". All of Lin Cong’s "Family with Children" are also laughter borrowed from me.

Wen | Ruogu

In recent years, women’s power is being seen.

In Liu Yang, China’s first female astronaut in space, we see the female strength with infinite courage. In Tu Youyou, the discoverer of artemisinin and a medical scientist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, we see the female strength that actively embraces the pressure dilemma. In Quan Hongchan, the Olympic diving champion who broke the world record, we see the female strength that dares to last stand. From Zhang Guimei, the winner of the "July 1 Medal" and the first free high school for girls in China, we see the inner firmness.

With their outstanding contributions in scientific research, aviation, sports and other different fields, the social popularity of "her strength" continues to rise, laying the foundation for the arrival of the "all-female variety show" era.

With the rise of "her power", "all-female variety show" has sprouted in singing and dancing, interviews, reasoning and talk shows. Anchoring this content trend, iQiyi actively leads the content innovation of women’s themes, and takes the lead in launching the first all-female outdoor reality show "Beautiful Battle" with the background of "female power", and comprehensively innovates and integrates in the dimensions of guest lineup, theme setting, scene selection, combat system, value output, etc. It not only strives to show women’s courage, wisdom, tenacity and harmony in the form of exciting games, but also adopts the comprehensive outdoor tour mode of new women.

After it was launched, Beautiful Fight attracted much attention both inside and outside the station. It not only reached the TOP1 of the iQiyi soaring list, but also became the TOP1 of the comprehensive public opinion hot list of Lighthouse & the public opinion hot list of the variety show and the public opinion hot list of Yunhe. In addition, there were 1.9 million discussions and 500 million readings on the main topic of the Weibo program with the same name, which received many positive comments, such as "the theme setting is quite resonant" and "the game is also fun". Behind this series of achievements, it benefits from the comprehensive innovation of Beautiful Battle in terms of guest lineup, program mode and value concept.

Guan Le, Zoey, Wang Meng, YCY and Yuqi Zhang, five women from different fields, different ages and different occupations, started a contest involving IQ, EQ, physical strength and endurance in the different theme world of Beautiful Battle, during which they not only showed their distinctive personal characteristics, but also precipitated a profound friendship, and finally let us see the undefined group image of contemporary women.

Some of them are super strong-wind music, which was previously circled because of its strong core strength, easily lifted YCY and carried Yuqi Zhang on the show, and even the flying warrior Song Xiaobao could not help but admire: "Sister, you are really strong."

Some of them are both wise and brave-in the link of "love advances and retreats together", Zoey first focused on the tactics of not touching balloons, which was wise, and then launched a strategic onslaught, which was brave. In this process, Zoey once broke out the fighting capacity of directly grabbing balloons with bare hands, and the topic # Zoey is actually a brave man # caused a heated discussion.

Some of them are open-minded-although Wang Meng was "the most trusted face at first, secretly doing’ undercover’ things", he hid his identity all the way through the customs, but at the last minute, he realized the recovery of "Desperate Planet" with great love, and this wave of operation filled the pattern. Similarly, when the little girl had to give up dancing because she couldn’t control her mouth to gain weight, Wang Meng, who thought of her similar experience, said that "girls don’t have to be fat and give up everything. Being fat is also a kind of beauty."

Some of them grew up at the speed of light-in the "Time Pursuit War" link, when YCY met a powerful opponent, he changed from full of fear to all-out fighting and won the final victory for the "loving partner". More than that, in the "beautiful swimming pool adventure" link, from the beginning, YCY was afraid of water because she couldn’t swim, to brave the water instead of Wang Meng, who was not allowed by her body. The road to growth that she dared to break through was very intuitive, and the female friendship that helped each other was also touching.

Some of them are full of golden sentences-in every program, everyone will express their opinions around the theme, and Yuqi Zhang is full of golden sentences. When it comes to love, she advocates not doing it. "Be sure to find someone you really like. If you don’t like him so much, it will make you more miserable in this matter." Talking about beauty, Yuqi Zhang shared her daughter’s experience of responding to being said that the skirt was not beautiful in the kindergarten atmosphere, and said, "Beauty is actually what we define ourselves. As long as I am happy, I think I am comfortable today, and I don’t care about other people’s things."

"As long as you shoot, you must be beautiful." In the game challenge, the five guests fully released the unique fighting power of women groups, embodied the beautiful qualities such as output strength, wisdom, courage, kindness and unity, and showed the multi-dimensional strength of young women, which made it possible to export women’s issues in multiple ways.

In addition, every program of Beautiful Battle has different flying warriors-Kenny Lin, Tang Jiuzhou, Wu Dajing, Wang Yanlin and FansiR in the first program cooperated tacitly and laughed constantly with the flying warriors, while Song Xiaobao and Ding Yuxi in the second stage were in great contrast, and the joy of Fei Qiming and Ray Ma in the third stage made the interaction between the flying warriors more open.

The revelation and release of the true temperament of the guests can not be separated from the activation of the tailor-made catalyst "Beautiful Battle". Based on the theme of each program, "Beautiful Battle" has set different theme worlds such as Love Planet, Doll World and Flower Planet, which makes the content scene have more innovative directions.

Specifically, the world of absolute love focuses on the pink atmosphere, with the main scenes such as hollow rooftop, power center and cage. The doll planet focuses on the lovely wind, with many scenes such as grass, swimming pool and castle. The flower planet is shot in the film and television city, and each game link has its own strong antique atmosphere, laying the foundation for the diversified development of the game.

Backed by this series of rich scenes, different forms of combat systems are echoed. Their commonness lies in focusing on hard-core wind and comprehensively examining the combat ability of guests in strong interaction.

It is necessary to examine the ability of cooperation, so there is a "common advance and retreat of love" that needs to be confronted by partners, a "color challenge" that needs Qi Xin’s cooperation, and an "animal sports meeting" that needs to adapt to changes.

In this series of different forms of teamwork, the members of the "beautiful group" think in one place and make efforts in one place, and accomplish their tasks in a fancy manner within the established rules.

For example, in the "Save the Color Challenge" session, in order to get more balls to the finish line, the "Beauty Group" and the "Flying Warrior" either hid the balls in props or put them in their trouser legs, or helped to avoid obstacles, and completed the task with their brains wide open and added a lot of jokes.

It is also necessary to compete for intelligence, so there are "undercover tracking" to test the reasoning ability, "beautiful swimming pool adventure" to inspect the knowledge reserve, and "comparison of arithmetic and learning" to test the logical reasoning and computing ability. This series of combat links will root the knowledge of various topics in different interesting games, and when the guests enthusiastically complete the task, they can also simultaneously drive users to participate in it, and strengthen the users’ memory points and goodwill in the festival with strong participation.

It is also necessary to examine the competitive ability, so there is a "time pursuit war" to defeat the undercover, break the prejudice and save the doll, and end the cycle to save the world of flowers and flowers. They not only have to complete the corresponding tasks within the set time, but also need to avoid the pursuit of "troubled beasts", which makes the whole process both brain-burning and exciting, adding more intensive points of view to the program in a tense rhythm.

Relying on a variety of program scenes and a new hard-core combat system, Beautiful Fight not only provides an organic carrier for women’s personality tension and attitude expression, but also makes the visibility of the program continue to grow, allowing users to get a viewing experience that combines brain-burning, interesting and fun elements, and also allows related values to spread through education, thus realizing the original intention of "attracting the eyes with all-female fighting and spreading with positive energy".

When the theme of comprehensive tour is effectively integrated with "other topics", it is the key to attract the attention of the whole people to export female value in the battle. From "Open your heart, brave enough to love" to "Beauty is diverse" and then to "Besides winning, there is _ _ _ _", every program of "Beautiful Fight" has social hot topics that are based on reality and cover all ages, professions and social circles, and runs through various challenges, showing women’s mutual help and helping each other in the form of fighting, and outputting the attitudes and attitudes of contemporary women.

Taking the topic of "Beauty is pluralistic" as an example, Beautiful Battle is described from two angles:

First, the guest’s point of view-when beautiful groups with distinct personalities join hands to break into the battle front, they show happiness, frankness, blood, wisdom and self-confidence in unity and mutual assistance, show their unique beauty, and put forward the proposition that "beauty is never defined, it has countless possibilities"-

It not only breaks the shackles of external beauty, but also breaks the anxiety of figure by Wang Meng’s sentence "Girls don’t have to be fat, so they have to give up everything. Being fat is also a kind of beauty, and they have to feel happy by themselves", and it also publicizes the connotation of internal beauty. Zoey’s sentence "Beauty has many dimensions, encouraging others is a kind of beauty, and helping others is also a kind of beauty" breaks the anxiety of appearance.

Second, the perspective of passers-by-men, women and children express their opinions in the face of the camera of the program group: "I am confident that I am beautiful", "I want to have a stable and powerful core" and "being good-looking is beautiful, knowledgeable and strong inside, and having my own independent thoughts is even more beautiful". In the eyes of the public, beauty is a happy state of mind, beauty is a powerful inner, beauty is the courage to identify yourself, beauty is the courage to fight and never give up, and beauty is to be yourself.

There are not only personal experiences from the perspective of guests, but also different people from the perspective of the public. "Beautiful Battle" uses multiple perspectives to see through women’s hearts and output women’s views, and achieves wall-breaking resonance in the field of variety and real life, so that the majority of users have emotional resonance.

From content innovation to conception sublimation, Beautiful Fight, in the name of fighting, not only vividly depicts the real picture of women’s solidarity and mutual assistance, but also allows young women’s strength to have more exports and more seeds for women’s thinking to sprout here, which is all the accurate insight and rational output of iQiyi on contemporary women’s emotions and demands.

To some extent, the unique style of "Beautiful Fight" in the program mode is not only the epitome of the platform’s innovative ability on the variety track, but also sets an innovative paradigm for the female outdoor reality show for the industry. Next, "Beautiful Battle" will have more open-minded theme battles to be unlocked. Let’s look forward to it!

* Original article, please indicate the source when reprinting.

　　If the empire is understood as a conquest system composed of suzerain and conquered areas, then China has never been an empire. China established a unified centralized country in the Qin Dynasty. Although Ying Zheng claimed to be the "emperor", this unified country was not an empire. China has been the vertical rule of the county system since the Qin Dynasty. All officials are appointed by the imperial court, and there is no entrusted management. As Han Feizi said, China’s ancient state structure is "everything is in the four directions, and it should be in the central government, and the saints should insist on it, and the four directions should be effective". After Qin destroyed the six countries, the whole country was divided into thirty-six counties. From then on, the central government of China was not composed of localities, but was divided by the central government. The central government precedes the local government in logic and time. All the ruling power of the country comes from the central government, and the local government does not have any inherent power. The place is the agency of the central government, and the central government is "like an arm, like an armband" to the place. Therefore, there has never been an empire in the history of China, and the concept of empire has never appeared in the language and writing of China.

　　▲ The situation map of the Qin Dynasty. (Source: Outline of Chinese and Foreign History)

　　▲ Situation map of the Western Han Dynasty. (Source: Outline of Chinese and Foreign History)

　　▲ The map of the territory and frontier nationalities in the early Tang Dynasty (669 years). (Source: Outline of Chinese and Foreign History)

　　At the same time, the ancient Central Plains civilization in China also promoted the homogenization within the unified country. The ancient Central Plains civilization in China is a powerful cultural soft power to attract and integrate the surrounding ethnic groups. Mencius called it "changing foreigners with summer". After the Han Dynasty, people often use Sinicization to explain the process of homogenization of unified China by Central Plains civilization. This is also fundamentally different from the empire where various heterogeneous civilizations coexist.

　　▲清朝疆域图（1820年）。（图片来源：《中外历史纲要》）

　　如上所述，在西方政治话语和学术语言中，帝国是一个由中央地带与从属地带共同组成的征服体系。如果把中国古代王朝的强盛时期称之为帝国，就意味着中国在古代曾经是一个征服体系。西方一些学者常常把中国的清王朝称之为帝国，认为清王朝的疆域是一个征服了多个领土、多个民族的多层次体系，疆域内各个民族、各个地区都是帝国的板块，只是暂时被清王朝用武力所统治。按照这种观点，清王朝崩溃以后，帝国的一些板块就应当独立出去，就像当年沙皇俄国崩溃以后，各个板块独立出去一样。所以，如果承认清王朝是帝国，就意味着中国的边疆是被清王朝征服的，清王朝一旦崩溃，这些由不同种族构成的边疆地区就应当独立出去。这也是为什么一些西方人支持中国的西藏、新疆独立的原因之一。所以，中国在清代不是一个帝国，这不仅是一个理论问题，而且也是一个重要的现实问题。

　　▲ Schematic diagram of the Western Zhou Dynasty. (Source: Outline of Chinese and Foreign History)

　　▲ Map of the Warring States Period. (Source: Outline of Chinese and Foreign History)

　　In China academic circles, some scholars have seriously discussed the concept of empire. But even among some scholars who try to clarify the concept of empire, there are still some vague understandings. For example, some scholars denied that there had been an empire in China since the Qin and Han Dynasties, but they still understood the Zhou Dynasty before the Qin Dynasty as an empire, on the grounds that the Zhou Dynasty’s local rule was not direct, but indirect, which was similar to the western empire. In fact, this is also an inaccurate understanding of the political structure of the Zhou Dynasty. There is no doubt that the centralized political structure of the Zhou Dynasty is fundamentally different from that of the Qin and Han Dynasties. But this difference is not the difference between an empire and a centralized dynasty, but the difference between a feudal system and centralization of authority.

　　The Zhou Dynasty in history was not a conquest system, but a enfeoffment system formed by the supreme ruler Zhou Tianzi. Within this system, more than 70 feudal vassal States were not conquered and established by the Zhou Dynasty, but were enfeoffed by the Zhou Dynasty according to the merits of being close to each other and defeating the Shang Dynasty. The people of these vassal States were all Chinese. The national political structure of China in the Zhou Dynasty was similar to the feudal system in the Middle Ages in Western Europe, but it was fundamentally different from western empires, such as Alexandria and Rome.

　　What needs to be clarified is that in history, China’s national structure seems to be similar to that of western empires in some aspects. In the history after Qin and Han Dynasties, China’s imperial court sometimes ruled the border areas loosely, and sometimes it ruled indirectly instead of directly. For example, the chieftain system in the remote areas of China once existed widely, which was called "Jimi system" in ancient times. If ancient China was not an empire, how can we understand that this national structure is similar to the empire?

　　Personally, I think the most fundamental difference is that China’s idea of unification is totally incompatible with the idea of empire. China’s national construction has a set of political ideas, political theories and a political belief, which is China’s idea of great unification. This idea mainly comes from Legalists and Confucianists, although the two most influential schools in China often argue with each other. China’s system since Qin Dynasty is Confucianism, and the basic framework and system of the country are based on the principle of Legalism, which is embodied in the centralized county system, which is called "the political system of Qin Dynasty is practiced in all generations"; Confucianism, on the other hand, provides the society with general ethics and moral norms, maintains the relationship between people, and also regulates the relationship between monarch and minister.

　　There is indeed a real problem here. In ancient times, it was really difficult for the central government to implement unified vertical rule in a huge territory. Due to the low productivity in ancient times, such as the level of material development, traffic roads and tools are very backward. This has indeed caused great difficulties to the unified national governance. In the political centers of ancient China, such as Chang ‘an, Luoyang and Peking, it was difficult to implement vertical rule in the border areas. It takes several months to go to Beijing from Guizhou, Yunnan, and vertical management is of course very difficult. However, after Qin and Han Dynasties, unification has become the consensus of Confucianism and Legalism. So from the Qin and Han dynasties, a new system was used — — To manage the border areas by the system of detention. The system of detention is an expedient measure. When the central government is unable to reach the local level and has no way to directly rule, it can temporarily give the place of detention autonomy, similar to the empire’s rule over the conquered place. The system of detention is relatively loose, such as the toast system in the ancient frontier areas of China. You can manage yourself by paying tribute and being loyal to the court.

　　▲ The Hailongtun Tusi Site in Zunyi, Guizhou Province is listed as a world cultural heritage. It is an important place for Tusi Yang in Gubo Prefecture, and witnessed the heyday of the Tusi system. (Source: vision china)

　　So, does this mean that the detention system is the same as imperial rule? In fact, the difference is very big. China’s thought of unification has been deeply rooted in people’s hearts since Qin and Han Dynasties. Due to the constraints of realistic conditions, the central government can give local governments a lot of autonomy at some time, but these autonomy rights are by no means inherent in local governments. The central government can grant local governments a great deal of autonomy, but because the source of law lies in the central government, the central government has the right to take it back when conditions are ripe. This is the change of soil into the stream in the history of China. This is not the same as the empire. China’s thought of unification has penetrated into the marrow of rulers and literati, and is the core of China’s political culture.

　　Therefore, for more than two thousand years, China’s detention system is a supplement to the centralized unified system, and the central government has unified all the territories through a set of very complicated and elaborate designs. Sometimes, ancient China looks like an empire on the surface, and even some frontier areas have greater autonomy than the subordinate areas of the empire. However, in China, all the power in the border areas is granted by the central authorities, not the local authorities, and the local authorities have no inherent power. That is to say, the unified county system has never been a conquest system outside the country, although it can’t fail to reach the surrounding boundaries for a while. For the central court, all the border areas have been brought into the unified national framework.

　　Therefore, from the formal point of view, there are essential differences between the system of imprisonment and the imperial system under the framework of China’s ancient unification. I think it’s necessary to distinguish between the empire and the fetter system in our history. If we don’t make a distinction, it will cause great confusion and threaten the state structure of China now. Of course, the comparative study of the captive system and the imperial system still needs a lot of work, which requires a lot of detailed analysis.

　　About the author:

　　Han Zhu, director of Shangdao Society Research Institute, researcher of China Research Institute of Fudan University, and columnist of Observer Network. In the 1980s, he taught western philosophy in China universities. In the early 1990s, he did research on comparative politics and the development of contemporary China in new york University and Columbia University. He has published works such as China Power and Historical Genes of China Road.

　　Producer | Yang Xinhua

　　Overall planning | Hu Jun, Liu Jia

　　Writing | Yang Chao

　　Editor | Guo Hui

　　Production | Hu Qi

Recently, Rising Security Research Institute captured a batch of malicious software with fake Python digital signatures. Attackers disguised these malicious software, induced users to download and run the Farfli backdoor program through websites and email links, and finally achieved the purpose of remotely controlling users’ computers and stealing private information.

Recently, Rising Security Research Institute captured a batch of malicious software with fake Python digital signatures. Attackers disguised these malicious software, induced users to download and run the Farfli backdoor program through websites and email links, and finally achieved the purpose of remotely controlling users’ computers and stealing private information.

Rising security experts made a detailed analysis of the malware, and found that the malware with a fake Python digital signature appeared in a gambling payment website, which showed that "login plug-in must be installed for the first login", and when the user clicked, the malware would be downloaded.

According to Rising security experts, this malicious software with a fake Python digital signature has a strong camouflage. The effective digital signature is very similar to the normal Python file digital signature. The names of the signers are Python Software Foundation, and only the email information is inconsistent, which is an address that has nothing to do with Python.

Moreover, when the user clicks to run the malware, its UAC pop-up window is not much different from that of the normal Python file, and only the signer name Python Software Foundation appears by default. Therefore, it is extremely difficult for users to judge whether this file is normal by digital signature.

Rising security experts said that these confusing operations in the early stage were only the foreshadowing, and the attacker’s ultimate goal was to let the user download the compressed package with the remote control Trojan in Youdao cloud notes through this disguised malicious program, and the compressed package contained normal exe files, dll malicious files and encrypted Farfli backdoor programs. Therefore, as long as the user clicks execute Exe, the dll will be loaded, which will decrypt the Farfli backdoor program and make it run secretly in the memory, and the user’s computer will face the risks of file theft, remote control, keyboard recording, camera being viewed and so on.

Because the malicious software of this fake Python digital signature is very disguised and difficult for users to distinguish, Rising security experts remind users to pay attention to the following points:

1. Don’t open suspicious files

Do not open suspicious files and emails from unknown sources to prevent social engineering and phishing attacks.

2. Deploy gateway security products such as network security situational awareness and early warning system.

Gateway security products can use threat intelligence to trace the threat behavior track, help users to analyze the threat behavior, locate the source and purpose of the threat, trace the means and path of the attack, solve the network threat from the source, find the attacked node to the maximum extent, and help enterprises to respond and deal with it faster.

3. Install effective antivirus software to intercept and kill malicious documents and Trojan viruses.

Anti-virus software can intercept malicious documents and Trojan viruses. If users accidentally download malicious files, anti-virus software can intercept killing, prevent viruses from running, and protect users’ terminal security. At present, Rising ESM anti-virus terminal security protection system can intercept and kill such malicious software, and users can install and use it to avoid risks.

4. Install system patches and important software patches in time.

Many malicious software often uses known system vulnerabilities and software vulnerabilities to spread, and installing patches in time will effectively reduce the impact of vulnerability attacks.

5. Use strong passwords instead of weak passwords such as "123456", especially for devices that are open on the external network.

Weak passwords, like vulnerabilities, are often used by attackers and malware to spread and invade, and using high-strength passwords will block this attack.

　　Zhongxin. com, Lanzhou, August 2 (Qiangke, Zhao Bingpeng) The lights of the engineering vehicle pierced the night and shone on the turbid and rushing river. "Come on, work harder … …” Shouts are coming and going, especially in the silent and dark night. At this moment, a battle against the dark night and the flood is going on to save the drowning people bravely. It seems that the 11 "post-90 s" railway youths who have been working hard all day are full of inexhaustible energy.

　　On July 31, the workers in Yangjiachuan line maintenance area of Longnan Works Section of China Railway Lanzhou Bureau Group Co., Ltd. did not expect that they would save a drowning man on their way off work and successfully save a precious life.

　　That night, after completing a day’s line maintenance task at the entrance of Heishan Tunnel in lanzhou-chongqing railway, these 11 "post-90s" youths were ready to hurry back to the work area, but at this time it suddenly rained heavily. After the rainfall became smaller, yan wang, the squad leader of the work area, found that the shortcut back to the work area was muddy and difficult. To be on the safe side, he decided to lead everyone back around an easy long way. It was such a coincidence and chance that saved a fresh life.

　　They arrived at the Qin Qihe Bridge about 2 kilometers away from the work area by bus. The driver Pei Bailing saw the water flooding the highway and told everyone not to risk crossing the river. After getting off the bus, they turned on the faint mobile phone light to observe the road conditions, only to find that a car was suspected to be spinning in the river. Suddenly, the car turned on the emergency light and wiper, and a man’s cry for help came from the car, "Help … …”

　　"Come on, hurry to save people." Eleven workers shouted in unison. In order to see the situation clearly, yan wang asked the driver to quickly aim the headlights at the drowning vehicles. The river was rushing, and the rolling river was carrying yellow mud and the cars kept spinning. After experiencing this scene for the first time, this group of "post-90 s" immediately began to panic.

　　After a short discussion, everyone was divided into three ways. One man called the police, and the other two men ran to the nearby villagers’ house to borrow ropes. Looking at the tottering cars in the water, looking at the drowning people sticking out of the window with mud all over their faces, they are afraid that the muddy water will wash people and cars away together in the next moment. Yan wang said, watching him climb, as if he could hear his own thumping heartbeat. After everyone’s encouragement, the drowning man finally struggled to climb on the roof.

　　They immediately threw the rope to the drowning driver with all their strength, once or twice, until the seventh time, the drowning man finally picked up the rope and prompted the drowning man to tie the rope to his waist. Everyone yanked and yanked it, and soon pulled the drowning man to the river bank. Upon inquiry, he was alone in the car, and now everyone’s hanging hearts finally fell to the ground.

　　After a short period of happiness, they took the rescued person to a nearby gas station, washed off the dirt, put on their railway work clothes, and turned on the warm air in the engineering car to warm him up.

　　They are young "post-90 s" railway linemen, rooted in remote mountainous areas, leaving early and returning late, taking on heavy line maintenance work and silently guarding the safety and smoothness of more than 40 kilometers of Lanzhou-Chongqing line.

Fast Technology reported on May 19 that it was reported that a Mercedes AMG ONE in transit in the UK caught fire and was burnt into coke. From the scene of the accident, even the transport scooter suffered together. At present, Mercedes-Benz and the police are investigating the cause of the accident, but what is certain is that,2.2 million pounds (about 19 million yuan)It’s just gone.

AMG ONE first appeared at the Munich Motor Show in 2017, but it was not until the beginning of June 2022 that Mercedes-Benz officially released the production version of the car, which once made people think that Mercedes-Benz had given up the project.

This car is called "road version F1" by many people. The reason for this is that itA 1.6-liter turbocharged V6 engine which is basically the same as F1 racing technology is adopted., and equipped with four motors, combined into a set of hybrid electric power system.

In order to get on the road legally, AMG redesigned the crankshaft, piston and electronic system for it. The car system can output up to 1000 horsepower and accelerate at 0-200km/h in less than 6 seconds.The top speed is as high as 350 km/h.Therefore, it has become the strongest AMG in history.

Because the engine speed is too high, the life of this engine is limited, and it needs to be disassembled and maintained again every 50,000 kilometers.The car has a limited production of 275 vehicles.And surprisingly, it was snapped up at the stage of sale, including this one that caught fire.

　　Reporter Zhang Hongbing learned from the national office of "eliminating pornography and illegal publications" that recently, in order to rectify the chaos of online crimes, the second-level network police departments in Hangzhou city and district have continuously launched a crackdown on illegal crimes of spreading obscene articles on the live webcast platform. Destroyed three porn-related apps known as "live broadcast of beautiful girls" such as "September Long", "Seven Colors" and "PR Society". The case involved more than 10 provinces and arrested 93 people.

　　According to the relevant person in charge of the national office of "combating pornography and illegal publications", the network police department in Hangzhou joined hands with Jianggan Branch to successfully destroy the "Beautiful Girl Live" APP, and arrested and detained 50 suspects in 21 counties and cities in 11 provinces including Henan, Fujian and Guangdong, including platform operation and maintenance, family leaders and group management, anchors and gambling organizations; Joined hands with Shangcheng Branch to destroy the "September Long" live broadcast platform, and arrested and detained 29 suspects such as platform management, family heads and anchors in 18 provinces and cities including Beijing, Longyan, Fujian, Dalian, Liaoning, Shenzhen, Shandong Heze, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Jinhua and Quzhou; Jointly with the Economic Development Zone Branch, the "PR Agency" mobile APP was successfully destroyed, and 14 suspects, including platform organizers and anchors, were arrested and detained in Guangzhou, Hebei, Beijing, Chengdu and other places, and six fund accounts were frozen, totaling more than 700,000 yuan. The 476 audio and video videos extracted on the spot were identified as obscene articles.

There are many people who blindly look at the vehicle dynamic parameters when buying a car. In fact, the greater the value, the better the experience. Some netizens left a message and wanted to see it. Today it came. So whether this car is a mule or a horse, let’s take a look at its actual performance.

First of all, from the appearance, the front of Parasso New Energy Vehicle looks cold and sporty. Coupled with headlights, it is in line with consumers’ aesthetics. The car is equipped with LED daytime running lights, front fog lights, etc. Come to the car side, the car body size is 5252MM*1894MM*2010MM, the car uses soft lines, the car body looks very atmospheric, with large-size thick-walled tires, eye-catching shape. In the design of the rear end, the rear end looks very angular, and the taillights look very sporty and neat.

Sitting in the car, the interior design of Parasso New Energy is very fashionable, which is very in line with the tastes of young consumers. The steering wheel design of the car is very fashionable and dynamic, made of plastic material, and has a good hand feeling experience. Take a look at the central control. The design of the center console is reasonable, which makes the interior style impressive and has a certain sense of science and technology. The interior feels good, let’s take a look at the dashboard and seats. The car is equipped with a comfortable dashboard, which is very eye-catching. The car adopts imitation leather seats, which are wrapped in place and have good support and comfort.

In terms of functional configuration, Parasso New Energy is equipped with traction control (ASR/TCS, etc.), Bluetooth /WIFI connection, cruise control, intelligent key and USB interface.

After reading the above introduction, let’s make a summary. This class of cars can often give consideration to both cost performance and practicality, and is often considered by most consumers as the first choice when buying a car.

　　Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, September 29th-The Press Office of the State Council published a white paper entitled "The Development of Health and the Progress of Human Rights in China" on September 29th. The full text is as follows:

　　The Development of Health and the Progress of Human Rights in China

　　People’s Republic of China (PRC) the State Council press office

　　September 2017

　　catalogue

　　foreword

　　First, the right to health protection model in line with national conditions

　　Second, the healthy environment and conditions continued to improve.

　　Third, the capacity of public health services has been steadily improved

　　Fourth, the quality of medical and health services has been greatly improved.

　　Five, the national medical security system gradually improved.

　　Six, the health level of specific groups has improved significantly.

　　7. Actively participate in global health governance and international medical assistance.

　　Concluding remarks

　　foreword

　　Health is the basic condition for human survival and social development. The right to health is an inclusive basic human right and the basic guarantee for human beings to live with dignity. Everyone has the right to enjoy the highest fair and accessible health standard.

　　The governments of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China always adhere to the people-centered development thought, pursue the value orientation of people first, firmly grasp the people’s yearning for a better life, and take promoting people’s well-being and all-round development as the starting point and end result of development. Over the years, China has persisted in serving the people’s health, taking improving people’s health level and realizing health for all as an important development goal. After a long and unremitting struggle, China has significantly improved the people’s health level, not only shed the stigma of "the sick man of East Asia", but also continuously improved the overall strength of public health, medical services and security capabilities, and continuously enhanced the physical fitness and health literacy of the whole people, and was praised by the World Health Organization as "a model of developing countries".

　　Without national health, there will be no overall well-off society. Realizing national health is a solemn commitment of the governments of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China to the people. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core, China has put people’s health in a strategic position of giving priority to development, and put the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing into the promotion and protection of the right to health, focusing on popularizing healthy life, optimizing health services, improving health security, building a healthy environment and developing health industries, accelerating the construction of healthy China, and striving to provide people with health and health services throughout their life cycle.

　　First, the right to health protection model in line with national conditions

　　China is a large developing country with a population of more than 1.3 billion. The governments of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China have always attached great importance to the development of health and health undertakings, accelerated the transformation of the development mode in the health field, earnestly respected and guaranteed citizens’ right to health, and formed a health right protection model in line with national conditions.

　　When New China was founded in 1949, the level of economic and social development was relatively backward, and the medical and health system was very weak. There were only 3,670 medical and health institutions in China, with 541,000 health workers and 85,000 beds, and the average life expectancy was only 35 years. In order to change this situation as soon as possible, the state has made great efforts to develop medical and health undertakings, formulated and implemented the working policy of "facing workers, peasants and soldiers, putting prevention first, uniting Chinese and Western medicine, and combining health work with mass movements", extensively carried out mass patriotic health campaigns, popularized primary health care, greatly improved people’s health, made a major breakthrough in medical technology, isolated Chlamydia trachomatis for the first time, performed the world’s first limb replantation operation, and successfully developed artemisinin, a new antimalarial drug.

　　After the reform and opening up in 1978, in view of the serious shortage of medical and health resources, insufficient service capacity and low service efficiency, the state implemented multi-channel financing, encouraged various forms of medical services, increased the supply of resources, gradually liberalized the pharmaceutical production and circulation market, developed the pharmaceutical industry, paid attention to the role of Chinese medicine, and adopted certain economic incentives to mobilize the enthusiasm of medical staff and enhance internal vitality. In 1996, the first national conference on health work defined the policy of health work in the new period, which is "focusing on rural areas, giving priority to prevention, paying equal attention to Chinese and Western medicine, relying on science and technology and education, mobilizing the whole society to participate, serving people’s health and socialist modernization". In 1998, the state began to establish a social medical insurance system to ensure the basic medical needs of employees. In 2000, the state put forward the reform goal of establishing a medical and health system in cities and towns to meet the requirements of the socialist market economy, so that people can enjoy medical services with reasonable prices and excellent quality and improve people’s health. In 2002, the state issued the "Decision on Further Strengthening Rural Health Work", proceeding from the reality of rural economic and social development, deepening the reform of rural health system and mechanism, tilting the focus of health investment to rural areas to meet the medical and health needs of farmers at different levels.

　　In 2003, under the strong leadership of the party and the government, the people of the whole country were United as one and achieved a major victory in the fight against SARS. On the basis of summing up experience, the state has comprehensively strengthened public health services and the prevention and control of major diseases, continuously improved the prevention and control system of major diseases, gradually improved the emergency mechanism for public health emergencies, accelerated the pace of medical and health development in rural and urban communities, and made breakthroughs in the new rural cooperative medical care and basic medical insurance for urban residents.

　　In 2009, the state launched a new round of medical and health system reform, and promulgated the Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Medical and Health System, which established the core concept of providing basic medical and health system to the whole people as a public product, further clarified the public welfare nature of public medical and health, and put forward the establishment of "four systems" of public health, medical services, medical security and drug supply, as well as medical and health management, operation, investment, price, supervision, science and technology, talents and information. Subsequently, the state promulgated the Key Implementation Plan for Medical and Health System Reform in the Near Future (2009-2011) and the Plan and Implementation Plan for Deepening the Reform of Medical and Health System during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, proposing reform tasks such as accelerating the construction of the basic medical security system, improving the primary medical and health service system, and promoting the gradual equalization of basic public health services.

　　Since 2012, China has continuously intensified the reform of the medical and health system, accelerated the comprehensive reform of public hospitals, promoted the price reform of drugs and medical services, fully implemented the serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents, actively built a graded diagnosis and treatment system, and optimized and improved the policy of drug production, circulation and use. On October 29th, 2015, Healthy China Construction was officially written into the communiqué of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee. In August 2016, the National Health and Wellness Conference put forward: "We must adhere to the correct health and wellness work policy, focus on the grassroots, take reform and innovation as the driving force, give priority to prevention, pay equal attention to both Chinese and Western medicine, integrate health into all policies, and build and share with the people." In October, 2016, the state promulgated the Outline of Healthy China 2030, which made strategic arrangements for promoting the construction of healthy China and improving people’s health.

　　The development of health has brought tangible health benefits to the people. The average life expectancy in China has increased from 67.9 years in 1981 to 76.5 years in 2016, the maternal mortality rate has decreased from 88.9 per 100,000 in 1990 to 19.9 per 100,000 in 2016, and the infant mortality rate has increased from 34.7&permil 100,000 in 1981. Down to 7.5&permil in 2016; On the whole, the main health indicators of residents are better than the average level of middle-and high-income countries, achieving the UN Millennium Development Goals ahead of schedule. At the same time, China has formed a health system based on the Constitution, civil laws and regulations, health administrative laws and regulations, local regulations, etc., and guided by various outlines, programs and plans in the health field, effectively balancing the relationship between doctors and patients, fairly resolving medical disputes, and effectively realizing citizens’ right to health.

　　The effect of deepening medical reform has been continuously highlighted. In a short period of time, the world’s largest national basic medical security network has been woven, a serious illness insurance system, a disease emergency rescue system and a sound medical assistance system have been established, providing institutional guarantee for realizing medical care for the sick. Major infectious diseases have been effectively controlled, the overall epidemic situation of AIDS has been controlled at a low epidemic level, the tuberculosis control targets set by the United Nations Millennium Development Goals have been achieved ahead of schedule, the epidemic situation of schistosomiasis has dropped to the lowest level in history, and the goal of polio-free in 2000 has been achieved. In 2015, the world’s largest online direct reporting system for legal infectious diseases and public health emergencies was established, and the average reporting time was shortened from five days before direct reporting to four hours.

　　Significant progress has been made in the construction of the medical and health service system, and a basic medical and health service network covering urban and rural areas has been basically established. There are more than 980,000 medical and health institutions at all levels, with more than 11 million health workers and more than 7 million beds in health institutions. The construction of talent team has been accelerated, the standardized training system for residents has been gradually established, and a number of outstanding medical workers such as Tu Youyou, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, have emerged. The development of social medical services has accelerated, and the proportion of private hospitals in the total number of hospitals has exceeded 57%, and the pattern of diversified medical services has initially taken shape. The medical and health emergency rescue capability is in the forefront of the world, and it has withstood the severe test of preventing and controlling the epidemic situation of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and achieved the double victory of "strict prevention and control, zero input" and "winning the battle and zero infection" in aiding Africa to fight the epidemic.

　　After long-term efforts, the development of health and health undertakings in China has reached a new level, which not only significantly improved the people’s health level, but also formed a health right protection model in line with China’s national conditions. Its main features are:

　　— — Give priority to health, put health in a strategic position of giving priority to development, integrate the concept of maintaining and promoting health into the whole process of formulating and implementing policies, laws and regulations based on national conditions, and realize healthy lifestyle, production conditions and benign and coordinated development of ecological environment and economy and society.

　　— — Give priority to prevention, change the focus on treatment to focus on people’s health, adhere to the combination of prevention and treatment, pay equal attention to both body and mind, complement Chinese and western medicine, pay attention to the prevention and control of chronic diseases, endemic diseases and occupational diseases, reduce the occurrence of diseases, grasp the development law in the health field, and strengthen early diagnosis, early treatment and early rehabilitation.

　　— — Public welfare-oriented, adhere to the public welfare of basic medical and health undertakings, provide the basic medical and health system as a public product to the whole people, and take public hospitals as the main body of the medical service system, so as to gradually realize the universal access to public health services.

　　— — Fair and inclusive, adhere to the coverage of health services and medical security for the whole people, focus on rural areas and grassroots units, gradually narrow the differences in health levels between urban and rural areas, regions and different groups of people, and ensure the equalization of basic public services in the health field.

　　— — Co-construction and sharing, adhering to the combination of government leadership and mobilizing the enthusiasm of society and individuals, promoting everyone’s participation, everyone’s efforts and everyone’s enjoyment, correctly handling the relationship between the government and the market, the government has made a difference in the field of basic medical and health services, and the market has exerted its vitality in the field of non-basic medical and health services.

　　Second, the healthy environment and conditions continued to improve.

　　China actively promotes a healthy lifestyle, launches a nationwide fitness campaign, promotes nationwide health education, ensures the safety of food and drinking water, and improves the production, living, ecological and social environment, thus providing good conditions for promoting citizens’ right to health.

　　Healthy lifestyle is fully implemented. In 2007, the state launched the national healthy lifestyle campaign, advocating residents to eat reasonably and exercise moderately, spreading the concept of healthy lifestyle, creating a healthy supporting environment, and improving the health awareness and healthy behavior ability of the whole people. By the end of 2016, 81.87% of counties (districts) across the country had carried out this action. The "Dietary Guidelines for China Residents (2016)" was issued to provide scientific and reasonable dietary guidance to the general population and specific groups such as children and the elderly, so as to guide residents to achieve a balanced diet and balanced nutrition. Promote the monitoring of nutrition and health status of residents, as well as the monitoring and release of chronic diseases and nutrition. Carry out the national salt reduction initiative to teach residents health knowledge such as salt reduction, prevention and control of hypertension. Implement nutrition improvement measures for key populations, carry out nutrition improvement plans for rural compulsory education students and nutrition improvement projects for children in poverty-stricken areas. Continue to strengthen tobacco control and fulfill the provisions of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. In 2014, Shenzhen implemented the Regulations on the Control of Smoking in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, in 2015, Beijing implemented the Regulations on the Control of Smoking, and in 2017, Shanghai implemented the amendment to the Regulations on the Control of Smoking in Public Places in Shanghai, so as to implement the requirement of comprehensive indoor smoking ban. By the end of 2016, 18 cities across the country had formulated local smoke-free environmental laws and regulations, covering one tenth of the total population.

　　The national fitness campaign is flourishing. Promote the cause of national fitness to a national strategy, and incorporate the work of national fitness into the national economic and social development plans, financial budgets and annual work reports of governments at all levels. The development pattern of "government-led, departmental cooperation and the participation of the whole society" has initially taken shape. Since the promulgation of the National Fitness Regulations in 2009, 16 provinces and 10 large cities have formulated local laws and regulations on national fitness, and all 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have completed the provincial National Fitness Implementation Plan. Since 2009, the state has designated August 8th as "National Fitness Day". From 2011 to 2014, 3,405 national fitness activity centers, 9,447 community multi-functional sports grounds, 2,366 sports parks, 24,879 fitness plazas, 878 outdoor camps and 1.69 million outdoor fitness equipment have been built nationwide. All cities (prefectures), counties (districts), streets (townships, towns) and communities (administrative villages) have generally built sports venues with fitness facilities. By the end of 2015, the proportion of people who regularly participate in physical exercise in China has reached 33.9%, the per capita sports area has reached 1.57 square meters, the average coverage rate of sports associations at county level and above has reached 72%, there are 7,147 youth sports clubs at all levels, and the average number of national fitness stations has reached 3 per 10,000 people. The socialized national fitness organization network has basically taken shape.

　　Health education for all continued to advance. Make full use of newspapers, television, radio, internet and new media to carry out public health publicity and education consultation, and guide residents to form a healthy lifestyle of self-discipline. The state holds "China Environment and Health Publicity Week" every year. China citizens’ environmental and health literacy (for Trial Implementation) and "code of conduct for citizens who share the same breath and struggle together" were issued. Carry out health publicity and education through basic public health service health education, health literacy promotion action, health trip to China, Chinese medicine trip to China, major health theme publicity day and other projects and activities. The level of health literacy of urban and rural residents rose from 6.48% in 2008 to 10.25% in 2015.

　　Environmental governance has been deepened. Strengthen regional joint prevention and control, realize the networking of county-level air quality monitoring stations in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta, and complete the particulate matter composition and photochemical monitoring network in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas. From 2011 to 2015, the national chemical oxygen demand and the total discharge of ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides decreased by 12.9%, 13%, 18% and 18.6% respectively. In 2016, the average concentration of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 338 cities at prefecture level and above decreased by 6.0% year-on-year, and the number of excellent days increased by 2.1 percentage points year-on-year. In 2013, the state promulgated and implemented the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. From 2014 to 2016, more than 16 million yellow-label vehicles and old vehicles were eliminated. Coal-fired thermal power units basically achieve full coverage of desulfurization and denitrification. The ultra-low emission has been accelerated. As of March 2017, the ultra-low emission transformation of coal-fired power units has been completed by about 500 million kilowatts. Implement the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution, and start a detailed investigation of soil pollution in an all-round way. Promulgated the Measures for the Management of Soil Environment in Polluted Plots (for Trial Implementation) and set up special funds for the prevention and control of soil pollution. In 2016 and 2017, the state allocated a total of about 15 billion yuan of special funds. The national soil environment network was initially established, 22,000 basic points were laid out, and about 15,000 risk monitoring points were built. Comprehensively promote the implementation of the Action Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control. Strengthen the comprehensive management of river basin water environment. Implement the great protection work of the Yangtze River Economic Belt and organize the investigation of urban black and odorous water bodies. In 2016,The proportion of I-III water bodies in the national surface water monitoring section reached 67.8%, and the proportion of inferior V water bodies decreased to 8.6%.

　　The comprehensive improvement of urban and rural environmental sanitation has achieved remarkable results. Carry out activities to create sanitary towns and significantly improve the quality of urban and rural human settlements. According to the survey in 2012, compared with before the establishment of sanitary towns, the proportion of standardized markets has increased from 35.2% to 60.6%, the satisfaction rate of residents with the city appearance and environment has increased from 30% to 98%, and the satisfaction rate with the health creation effect has reached 98%. By the end of 2015, the national urban sewage treatment rate has increased to 92%, and the harmless treatment rate of domestic garbage in urban built-up areas has reached 94.1%. Comprehensive environmental improvement was carried out in 78,000 villages, directly benefiting more than 140 million rural people. 61,000 large-scale farms (communities) have built waste treatment and resource utilization facilities. By the end of 2016, the national rural domestic waste treatment rate was around 60%, and the proportion of administrative villages that treated sewage reached 22%. The penetration rate of sanitary toilets in rural areas increased from 71.7% in 2012 to 80.4% in 2016, and reached more than 90% in some eastern provinces.

　　The problem of drinking water safety in rural areas has been basically solved. From 2006 to 2010, the total investment of rural drinking water safety project construction was 105.3 billion yuan, which solved the drinking water safety problem of 190,000 administrative villages and 212 million rural population. From 2011 to 2015, the state allocated a total of 121.5 billion yuan for rural drinking water safety construction projects and more than 60 billion yuan for local matching funds. By the end of 2016, the coverage rate of rural drinking water safety and sanitation monitoring reached over 85%, and the proportion of rural centralized water supply coverage increased to 82%. In view of the special difficulties in individual areas, the state has arranged special funds to raise the subsidy standard, and arranged 495 million yuan to solve the drinking water safety problem of more than 1,400 temples, 32,300 monks and nuns and more than 60,000 people with temporary water supply in Xizang Autonomous Region.

　　Occupational health management has been continuously strengthened. In 2011, the state revised the Law on the Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases in People’s Republic of China (PRC), vigorously carried out special treatment of dust and toxic hazards in key areas, and organized centralized rectification of industries with serious dust hazards, such as quartz sand processing, asbestos mining and product manufacturing, gold mining, cement manufacturing, stone processing, ceramic production and refractory manufacturing, and urged enterprises to increase investment, improve production technology, improve protective facilities and strengthen individual protection. The working environment and conditions in the workplace have been initially improved. By the end of 2016, the state had punished a number of enterprises that refused to govern or had poor governance according to law, ordered 1,524 enterprises to stop production and rectify, requested 1,576 enterprises to close down and banned 426 illegal enterprises. Strengthen the supervision and inspection of occupational health of employers. From 2013 to 2016, the number of supervision and inspection enterprises in various regions of the country increased from 229,000 to 395,000, an increase of 72.5%.

　　Food safety supervision is stricter. In 2015, the State revised the Food Safety Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC). In 2016, regulatory agencies at all levels inspected food production enterprises for 521,000 times and food additive production enterprises for 15,000 times. Inspected 72,000 small food processing workshops. Regulators at all levels have inspected 12.093 million business entities in the food business. 8.869 million business entities in catering services were inspected. In 2016, 257,000 batches of food samples were sampled nationwide, with an overall pass rate of 96.8%. Properly handle many food safety emergencies such as counterfeit infant formula milk powder.

　　Third, the capacity of public health services has been steadily improved

　　China insists on putting prevention first, combining prevention with treatment, improving the accessibility and equality of public health services, intensifying the prevention and control of infectious diseases, chronic diseases, endemic diseases and other diseases, enhancing the emergency response capability of public health emergencies, and implementing basic public health services covering the whole people, with the degree of equality constantly improving.

　　The coverage rate of basic public health services has been further improved. The state provides vaccines and vaccination services free of charge, and the beneficiaries have expanded from children to adults. By the end of 2015, the vaccination rate remained above 90% in villages and towns as a whole, and most immunization programs could prevent the incidence and mortality of infectious diseases from falling to the lowest level in history. From 2010 to 2017, the per capita financial subsidy standard for basic public health services was raised from 15 yuan to 50 yuan, and the service items were expanded from the initial 41 items in 9 categories to 47 items in 12 categories. Twelve types of services have been established, including residents’ health records, health education, vaccination, children’s health management, maternal health management, elderly health management, chronic patients’ health management, patients with severe mental disorders’ health management, tuberculosis patients’ health management, Chinese medicine health management, reporting and handling of infectious diseases and public health emergencies, and health and family planning supervision and assistance, which have basically covered the whole life process of residents. By the end of 2016, the filing rate of electronic health records of residents in China reached 76.9%, and the number of health managers of patients with hypertension and diabetes reached 90.23 million and 27.81 million respectively. The systematic management rate of pregnant women and children under 3 years old reached 91.6% and 91.1% respectively.

　　The coverage of basic public health services is constantly expanding. In 2012, the country achieved the goal of eliminating neonatal tetanus. In 2014, through the vaccination of newborns with hepatitis B vaccine, the HBsAg carrying rate of children under 5 years old decreased from 9.67% in 1992 to 0.32%, thus achieving the goal of reducing the HBsAg prevalence rate of people under 5 years old to below 1% in 2017 ahead of schedule proposed by the World Health Organization. The utilization of basic public health services of floating population has been continuously improved, and the prevention and control of infectious diseases has been widely carried out. The immunization rate of floating children has reached over 90%. In view of major diseases, important health risk factors and health problems of key populations, major public health service projects have been formulated and implemented, covering nearly 200 million people in total, such as replanting hepatitis B vaccine for people under 15, improving nutrition for children in poor areas, providing hospital delivery for pregnant women in rural areas, screening for "two cancers" for rural women, and building harmless sanitary toilets in rural areas. In 2009, the state launched the "Vision Restoration Project for Millions of Poor Cataract Patients", and the government provided subsidies for poor cataract patients to perform vision restoration surgery. By the end of 2013, the number of people undergoing surgery had exceeded 1.75 million.

　　The level of epidemic control of infectious diseases has been continuously improved. The country has built the world’s largest online direct reporting system for legal infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The reported incidence of legal infectious diseases decreased by 19.4% on average. The ability of early detection and early warning of infectious diseases has been further enhanced. The infectious disease information reporting system covers nearly 71,000 medical institutions, with more than 160,000 users, and reports about 9 million pieces of case information every year. In 2016, the reported incidence and mortality of Class A and B infectious diseases in China were controlled below 215.7/100,000 and 131/100,000 respectively. A national, provincial, municipal and county-level laboratory testing network has been established, and laboratories such as influenza, polio, measles and Japanese encephalitis of China CDC have become reference laboratories of the World Health Organization. The epidemic situation is generally stable, and no major infectious diseases have occurred. The overall epidemic situation of AIDS has been controlled at a low epidemic level, and the rapid rise of the epidemic situation in key areas has been basically curbed. The prevention and treatment of tuberculosis has achieved remarkable results, and the successful treatment rate has remained above 90%. In 2016, the number of reported cases of tuberculosis in China decreased by 12.6% compared with 2011, and the mortality rate of tuberculosis dropped to about 2.3/100,000, reaching the level of developed countries; A total of 3,189 cases of malaria were reported in China, of which only 3 cases were infected locally, which was significantly lower than 4,262 cases in 2010. More than 80% of malaria-endemic counties basically eliminated malaria. The prevention and control effect of key parasitic diseases has been continuously consolidated. By the end of 2016, all 453 endemic counties in China had reached the standard of schistosomiasis transmission control or above.

　　The effect of prevention and control of chronic diseases has been significantly enhanced. The state has established a monitoring network for chronic diseases and risk factors of chronic diseases. Health management of the elderly and management of patients with hypertension and diabetes are provided to the public free of charge as national basic public health services, and projects such as high-risk screening of stroke and cardiovascular diseases, comprehensive intervention of oral diseases, and early diagnosis and treatment of cancer are implemented. By the end of 2016, more than 6.1 million people had been screened by the screening and intervention project for high-risk groups of stroke, 820,000 high-risk groups were found and 952,000 follow-up interventions were carried out; A total of 3.389 million people were screened in the early screening and comprehensive intervention project for high-risk groups of cardiovascular diseases, and 776,000 people were found in high-risk groups, and 524,000 people were followed up. The comprehensive intervention project for children’s oral diseases provides 100 million children with free oral examination, 5.168 million children with free pit and fissure sealing, and 2.229 million children with free local fluoride; The cancer early diagnosis and treatment project has screened 2.14 million high-risk groups and found 55,000 patients, with an overall early diagnosis rate higher than 80%.

　　The epidemic trend of endemic diseases has been effectively controlled. By the end of 2015, the consumption rate of non-iodized salt in 90.8% counties in water-source high-iodine areas in China was above 90%, and 94.2% counties remained in the state of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders, which was at the leading level among 128 countries and regions in the world that adopted salt iodization measures. 95.4% of villages in Kaschin-Beck disease areas reached the elimination standard, and 94.2% of counties in Keshan disease areas reached the control standard. The rate of changing stoves to stoves in all counties in coal-burning endemic fluorosis areas reached 98.4%, and 93.6% of rural population in drinking water endemic fluorosis areas implemented the project of reducing fluoride and improving water. All the areas with endemic arsenism caused by coal burning pollution have been changed into stoves, and all the areas with endemic arsenism caused by drinking water have been changed into water.

　　Mental health services have been continuously improved. The State promulgated and implemented the Mental Health Law of People’s Republic of China (PRC), bringing mental health work into the track of rule of law. By the end of 2015, there were 2,936 mental health service institutions in China, with 433,000 beds, up 77.9% and 89.9% respectively over 2010. There are 27,700 practicing (assistant) psychiatrists, an increase of 20.2% compared with 23,100 at the end of 2012. Serious mental disorders were included in the coverage of major diseases covered by the new rural cooperative medical system and urban residents’ medical insurance, and the central government subsidized local management and treatment projects for serious mental disorders. In some areas, special policies for treatment and assistance were introduced, reducing the burden on patients. Strengthen the registration of patients with severe mental disorders and the management of treatment and assistance. From 2012 to 2016, the number of registered patients with severe mental disorders in China increased from 3.08 million to 5.4 million, and the patient management rate increased from 59.1% to 88.7%. Strengthen the intervention of common mental disorders and psychological and behavioral problems such as depression and anxiety, increase the early detection and timely intervention of psychological problems of key groups, improve the intervention ability and level of unexpected psychological crisis, and comprehensively promote community rehabilitation services for mental disorders.

　　The ability to respond to public health emergencies has been comprehensively strengthened. The emergency legal system has been basically established, and the emergency mechanism has been continuously optimized. There are 36 national and nearly 20,000 local health emergency response teams with more than 200,000 people in four categories in different regions of the country. In 2014, the national public health emergency core competence compliance rate rose to 91.5%, far exceeding the global average of 70%. In recent years, the country has accelerated the construction of the health emergency system, effectively responding to the sudden acute infectious diseases such as human infection with H7N9 avian influenza, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Middle East respiratory syndrome and Zika virus, as well as the emergency medical rescue and post-disaster health and epidemic prevention of a series of major disasters such as the Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan and the fire and explosion accident in Tianjin Port.

　　Fourth, the quality of medical and health services has been greatly improved.

　　China is committed to improving the accessibility and convenience of medical and health resources, simultaneously promoting the continuous improvement of the quality and efficiency of medical services, accelerating the establishment of a high-quality and efficient integrated medical and health service system, continuously improving the drug supply system, and significantly improving the residents’ medical experience.

　　The resource elements of the medical and health service system continue to increase. From 2011 to 2015, the state invested 42 billion yuan, focusing on supporting the construction of more than 1,500 county-level hospitals, 18,000 township hospitals, more than 100,000 village clinics and community health service centers. By the end of 2016, there were 983,394 medical and health institutions in China, including 29,140 hospitals (12,708 public hospitals and 16,432 private hospitals), 36,795 township hospitals, 34,327 community health service centers (stations), 3,481 disease prevention and control centers, 2,986 health supervision stations (centers) and 63,300 village clinics. According to the national statistics, there are 5.291 million medical devices with a price of over 10,000 yuan, including 125,000 devices with a price of over 1 million yuan. In 2016, the number of beds in medical institutions increased by 395,000 compared with 2015, the number of beds per 1,000 population reached 5.37, and the number of beds in hospitals increased by 358,000; There are 266 ethnic minority medical hospitals in China, with 26,484 beds, with a total of 9.687 million visits and 588,000 discharges.

　　The medical and health personnel team is more optimized. China has built the largest medical education system in the world. By the end of 2016, there were 922 medical colleges and 1564 secondary schools offering medical education, with 238 master’s degree awarding units and 92 doctor’s degree awarding units, with a total of 3.95 million students, including 1.14 million students majoring in clinical medicine and 1.8 million students majoring in nursing. A total of 14 educational institutions across the country have set up minority medicine majors and traditional Chinese medicine majors, with about 170 thousand students. Colleges of traditional Chinese medicine in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou and other places have successively set up professional directions such as Dai medicine, Zhuang medicine and Miao medicine. Some minority medical colleges and universities cooperate with Chinese medicine colleges and universities to jointly cultivate minority medical talents. By the end of 2016, there were 11.173 million health workers, 8.454 million health technicians, 2.31 doctors per 1,000 population, 81.2% practicing (assistant) doctors with college degree or above, and high-level professionals increased year by year. The number of nurses per thousand population reached 2.54, and the ratio of doctors to nurses reached 1:1.1.

　　Social forces have been increasing in running hospitals. Give priority to supporting social forces to set up non-profit medical institutions and promote the equal treatment of non-profit private hospitals and public hospitals. Encourage doctors to use their spare time, retired doctors to practice in primary health care institutions or open studios. The proportion of private hospitals in China exceeds 57%, the total number of beds in social medical and health institutions has increased by 81% compared with 2011, and the number of outpatients has accounted for 22% of the total number of outpatients in China. Up to now, more than 70% of the doctors who have registered for multi-point practice in the country have gone to social medical institutions to practice.

　　Medical conditions at the grassroots level and in rural areas have been further improved. From the medical and health system, medical service institutions, medical service personnel and other aspects to the grassroots and rural areas. County-level hospitals will be positioned as the medical and health centers in the county and the core of the rural three-level medical and health service network, and one or two county-level hospitals (including Chinese medicine hospitals) will be run well in each county (city). Basically, one health center will be built in each township, and one village clinic will be set up in each administrative village on average, with one village doctor for every thousand rural residents.

　　The supply of medical and health services is more hierarchical. Establish a "trinity" major disease prevention and control mechanism of professional public health institutions, comprehensive and specialized hospitals and primary medical and health institutions, strengthen the information sharing and interconnection mechanism, promote the integrated development of chronic disease prevention, treatment and management, and realize the combination of medical prevention and treatment. Establish a graded diagnosis and treatment system in an all-round way, guide the formation of a reasonable medical order of primary diagnosis, two-way referral, up-and-down linkage, rapid and slow division, and improve treatment — — Rehabilitation — — Service chain of long-term care. The appointment rate of tertiary hospitals nationwide reached 38.6%, and nearly 400 medical institutions set up day surgery centers. The contract service of family doctors has been carried out, and the residents’ satisfaction with the professional skills and service attitude of family doctors has reached more than 80%, and the people’s feelings of seeking medical treatment have been significantly improved.

　　The level of medical quality and safety has been continuously improved. Formulate the Medical Quality Management Measures, gradually establish and improve the medical quality management and control system, issue quality control indicators, and carry out information quality monitoring and feedback. Promote the management of clinical pathways in medical institutions, and formulate 1212 clinical pathways, basically covering common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases. Issue and implement the National Action Plan to Contain Bacterial Drug Resistance (2016-2020) to comprehensively control the problem of bacterial drug resistance. Strengthen the supervision of prescription and medication. In 2016, the utilization rate of antibacterial drugs among inpatients in China was 37.5%, which was 21.9 percentage points lower than that in 2011. The utilization rate of antibiotics in outpatient prescriptions was 8.7%, which was 8.5 percentage points lower than that in 2011. Medical liability insurance covers more than 90% of hospitals above the second level. We attach great importance to blood safety and blood supply. By the end of 2015, we have achieved full coverage of nucleic acid testing in blood stations, and the level of blood safety is basically the same as that in developed countries. Promote voluntary blood donation and rational clinical use of blood. In 2016, a total of 14 million people participated in unpaid blood donation, an increase of 6.1% over 2015, which basically met the demand for clinical blood. Organ donation has become the main source of organ transplantation after the death of citizens.

　　The drug supply guarantee system was further improved. The drug supply guarantee system based on the national essential drug system has made great progress. Compared with before the implementation of the system, the sales price of essential drugs has dropped by about 30% on average, and the zero-difference sales rate has been implemented in primary medical and health institutions, greatly reducing the burden of patients’ medication. The first round of national drug price negotiation pilot was launched. The purchase price of drugs such as hepatitis B and non-small cell lung cancer dropped by more than 50%, and the price was at a low level in the world. By the end of 2016, patients had reduced their expenses by nearly 100 million yuan. Improve the policy of ensuring the supply of rare diseases drugs. Increase the free supply of special drugs such as AIDS prevention and treatment. We will further promote medical innovation and implement major scientific and technological projects of "major new drug creation". From 2011 to 2015, a total of 323 innovative drugs were approved for clinical research, 16 innovative drugs such as ectinib were approved for production, 139 new chemical generic drugs were listed, more than 600 varieties of raw materials and more than 60 pharmaceutical companies reached the international advanced GMP requirements, and a number of large-scale medical equipment such as PET-CT and 128-row CT and high-end implantable interventional products such as brain pacemakers, interventional artificial heart valves and cochlear implants were approved for listing. We will promote the construction of a modern pharmaceutical distribution network throughout urban and rural areas, and the ability to ensure the supply of drugs in grassroots and remote areas will continue to improve.

　　The development of traditional medicine is more supported by the state. From 2013 to 2015, the state invested a special fund of 4.6 billion yuan to support the capacity building of Chinese medicine services. In 2016, the State issued the Outline of Strategic Planning for the Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2016-2030). The main business income of enterprises above designated size in Chinese medicine industry is 865.3 billion yuan, accounting for about one third of the main business income of enterprises above designated size in the national pharmaceutical industry. Since 2011, 49 scientific research achievements of traditional Chinese medicine have won national science and technology awards. Artemisinin and the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and other Chinese and western medicine research results have attracted global attention.

　　Five, the national medical security system gradually improved.

　　China has vigorously promoted the construction of the medical security system, forming a multi-level, wide-ranging and universal medical security system with basic medical security as the main body and other forms of supplementary insurance and commercial health insurance as supplements, and initially realized that everyone enjoys basic medical security.

　　Basic medical insurance has achieved full coverage. Universal medical insurance with basic medical insurance for employees, basic medical insurance for urban residents and new rural cooperative medical care as the main body has been initially realized. By the end of 2016, the number of people participating in basic medical insurance in China exceeded 1.3 billion, and the coverage rate was stable at over 95%. In 2016, the state officially launched the integration of the basic medical insurance for urban residents and the new rural cooperative medical system, unified coverage, unified financing policy, unified security benefits, unified medical insurance catalogue, unified fixed-point management and unified fund management, and gradually established a unified basic medical insurance system for urban and rural residents nationwide, so as to realize the fair enjoyment of basic medical insurance rights and interests by urban and rural residents.

　　The ability and sustainability of basic medical insurance have been further enhanced. In 2016, the annual income and expenditure of the basic medical insurance fund for employees were 1,027.4 billion yuan and 828.7 billion yuan respectively, an increase of 421.2 billion yuan and 341.9 billion yuan respectively over 2012, with an average annual growth rate of 15.7% and 15.6% respectively; The annual income and expenditure of the basic medical insurance fund for urban residents were 281.1 billion yuan and 248 billion yuan respectively, which were 193.4 billion yuan and 180.5 billion yuan higher than that in 2012. In 2017, the financial subsidy standard for urban and rural residents’ basic medical insurance will continue to increase, and the per capita subsidy standard for all levels of finance will reach 450 yuan per person per year.

　　The level of basic medical insurance benefits has been gradually improved. In 2016, the maximum payment limit of the basic medical insurance for employees and the basic medical insurance fund for urban residents reached 6 times of the annual average salary of local employees and the annual per capita disposable income of local residents, respectively, and the proportion of hospitalization expenses within the policy scope was about 80% and 70% respectively. In 2017, the reimbursement rate of outpatient and hospitalization expenses of the new rural cooperative medical system was stable at around 50% and 70% respectively. The National Catalogue of Medicines for Basic Medical Insurance, Work Injury Insurance and Maternity Insurance (2017 Edition) contains 2,535 medicines in western medicine and Chinese patent medicine, which is 339 more than the old catalogue, with an increase of about 15%, and basically covers the therapeutic medicines in the National Catalogue of Essential Medicines (2012 Edition). For some patented exclusive drugs with great clinical value and high price, the government organized medical insurance drug negotiations and granted access to 36 drugs, covering a variety of malignant tumors, some rare diseases and chronic diseases. Some new medical rehabilitation projects are included in the scope of basic medical insurance payment.

　　The reform of payment methods for basic medical insurance was promoted in an orderly manner. More than 70% of the country actively explores payment methods such as payment by disease, payment by head, and payment by DRGs. Accelerate the nationwide networking of basic medical insurance and direct settlement of medical treatment in different places, and continue to promote the "one card" for medical treatment. By the end of August 2017, the whole country had basically realized the direct settlement of medical expenses in the insured area and the direct settlement of hospitalization expenses in different places in the province. Successfully carried out cross-provincial off-site medical expenses direct settlement network access. All provinces (including Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) and all co-ordination areas in China have all been connected to the national basic medical insurance off-site medical settlement system. By the end of August 2017, 6,616 designated medical institutions for direct settlement of off-site medical expenses were opened.

　　The mechanism for ensuring serious illness for urban and rural residents has been continuously improved. We will fully implement serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents, take solving large medical expenses as the starting point, and constantly improve and improve the medical security system for serious and serious diseases. By the end of 2015, serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents had covered all urban and rural residents’ basic medical insurance participants. In 2016, serious illness insurance covered more than 1 billion urban and rural residents, and the payment ratio stipulated in the provincial serious illness insurance policies reached more than 50%, and the actual reimbursement ratio of beneficiaries increased by 10-15 percentage points.

　　The medical assistance mechanism has achieved remarkable results. The policy framework of medical assistance has been basically established, medical assistance has been effectively linked with serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents, and the urban-rural unification of medical assistance standards and assistance levels has been gradually realized. The scope of medical assistance has gradually expanded from the past urban and rural minimum living allowances and poor people to the poor, low-income family members and seriously ill patients in poor families due to illness. Trade unions at all levels actively organize and carry out medical mutual assistance activities for employees, help employees suffering from major diseases, and reduce the economic burden of sick employees. In 2016, the state arranged a total of 15.5 billion yuan of medical assistance subsidy funds (excluding disease emergency assistance subsidy funds), of which 92% of the funds were invested in the central and western regions and poverty-stricken areas, and a total of 82.565 million people received medical assistance, and 55.604 million people in need were subsidized to participate in basic medical insurance. The proportion of the rescued objects who are hospitalized within the annual relief limit is generally above 70%. Medical assistance services are more convenient and accessible, and 93% of the areas have achieved "one-stop" settlement of medical assistance and medical insurance expenses. Since 2013, the state has established a disease emergency rescue system, and through the establishment of a disease emergency rescue fund, patients who need emergency treatment but whose identities are unknown or clear and unable to pay medical expenses are treated. As of June 2017, about 640,000 patients have been rescued.

　　The level of medical security for the rural poor has gradually improved. In 2016, the state began to implement the health poverty alleviation project. Full coverage of medical insurance and serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents will be achieved for the rural poor, and the proportion of reimbursement for hospitalization expenses within the scope of the rural poor policy will increase by 5 percentage points. Organize and mobilize more than 800,000 workers across the country to accurately investigate and verify 93 key diseases with high incidence and high expenses, which seriously affect production and living capacity, and establish health poverty alleviation work accounts and databases. Organize the classified treatment of rural poor people suffering from serious diseases and chronic diseases. As of May 2017, more than 2.6 million poor patients have been classified and treated nationwide. We will implement an accurate tilt payment policy for serious illness insurance, and give priority to the rural poor in terms of deductible, reimbursement ratio and capping line. We will promote the "one-stop" instant settlement of rural poor people who are hospitalized in the county before treatment. Arrange 889 tertiary hospitals across the country to undertake counterpart assistance tasks, and achieve full coverage of assistance to 1149 county-level hospitals in all poverty-stricken counties.

　　Six, the health level of specific groups has improved significantly.

　　China attaches great importance to protecting the health rights of specific groups, such as women, children, the elderly and the disabled, constantly improves health and health planning, provides diversified and targeted health services, and meets the special needs of all groups equally without discrimination.

　　The maternal and child health care service system has been continuously improved. Establish a three-level maternal and child health service network throughout urban and rural areas. In 2016, the state invested 2.9 billion yuan to support the construction of 247 municipal and county-level maternal and child health care institutions. By the end of 2016, there were 3,063 maternal and child health care institutions, 757 maternity hospitals, 117 children’s hospitals and 370,000 practicing (assistant) doctors in obstetrics and gynecology and pediatrics. In 34,000 community health service centers (stations), 37,000 township hospitals and 640,000 village clinics, there are full-time and part-time maternal and child health care workers.

　　The level of maternal health care services for women has been effectively improved. Since 2009, the country has expanded the coverage of cervical cancer and breast cancer screening programs for rural women year by year, and the number of beneficiaries has been increasing. From 2009 to 2016, the state conducted free cervical cancer screening for more than 60 million rural women aged 35 to 64 in 1,299 project counties, and invested 22.6 billion yuan to subsidize more than 74 million rural pregnant women. The hospital delivery rate of rural pregnant women increased from 92.3% in 2008 to 99.6% in 2016, and the maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate in rural areas dropped significantly. The state has arranged subsidy funds to support the free pre-pregnancy eugenics health check-up project, the rural pregnant women’s hospital delivery subsidy project, the folic acid supplement project to prevent neural tube defects, and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of AIDS, syphilis and hepatitis B. The objectives of the China Women’s Development Program (2011-2020) have been continuously realized.

　　The health level of children has improved significantly. In 2013, the exclusive breastfeeding rate of infants aged 0-6 months nationwide rose to 58.5%, and the breastfeeding rate continued to increase. In 2016, the infant mortality rate and the mortality rate of children under 5 years old were 7.5&permil respectively; And 10.2‰ All of them have achieved the United Nations sustainable development goals and the goals of the China Children’s Development Program (2011-2020) ahead of schedule, and the gap with developed countries has further narrowed. In 2016, the rates of underweight, growth retardation and anemia among children under five years old decreased to 1.49%, 1.15% and 4.79% respectively, and all of them achieved the goals of the China Children’s Development Program (2011-2020) ahead of schedule. By the end of 2016, 30 national demonstration bases for early childhood development had been established. We will carry out a nutrition improvement project for children in poverty-stricken areas, and provide a packet of supplementary food and nutrition supplements rich in protein, vitamins and minerals for children aged 6-24 months in contiguous areas with special difficulties. The results of the fifth survey of children’s physical development in China in 2016 show that in the last 40 years, the physical development level of children under 7 years old in China has increased rapidly, exceeding the standards for children’s growth and development promulgated by the World Health Organization.

　　The achievements in the prevention and treatment of childhood diseases have been consolidated. In 2016, the mother-to-child transmission rate of AIDS dropped to 5.7%, and the incidence of neonatal tetanus remained at 1‰ Below. The vaccination rate of children’s immunization program has remained above 99%, and it has remained polio-free, and the reported incidence of tuberculosis in children has remained at a low level. In 2016, the screening rate of hereditary metabolic diseases (phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism) reached 96%, and the implementation scope of neonatal disease screening project in poverty-stricken areas has covered 354 counties (cities, districts) in 21 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). We will implement major public health service projects such as free pre-pregnancy eugenics health examination, neonatal disease screening in poverty-stricken areas, and thalassemia prevention and control pilot projects.

　　The health service system for the elderly is improving day by day. By the end of 2015, there were 453 rehabilitation hospitals, 168 nursing homes and 65 nursing stations in China, increasing by 69.0%, 242.9% and 16.1% respectively compared with 2010. The number of health workers in rehabilitation hospitals, nursing homes and nursing stations in China was 36,441, 11,180 and 316 respectively, increasing by 96.5%, 286.7% and 69.9% respectively compared with 2010. In 2015, the state provided 118 million physical examinations for the elderly aged 65 and over, and the health management rate reached 82%. The mental health of the elderly has been fully concerned, and the state and society have publicized mental health knowledge and provided psychological counseling to the elderly through various forms to enrich their spiritual and cultural life.

　　The service mode of combining medical care with nursing care was further promoted. In 2016, 90 cities (districts) were selected and identified as national-level pilot units for the combination of medical care and nursing. There are 5,814 medical and nursing institutions in China, with a total of 1,213,800 beds. Among them, 3,623 medical institutions were set up in the old-age care institutions, 1,687 were set up in the medical institutions, and 504 were set up at the same time, and 2,224 were included in the designated scope of medical insurance. Actively carry out special actions to build the service quality of nursing homes, improve the quality control system, and significantly improve the service quality of medical and nursing institutions.

　　Disability prevention and rehabilitation services for the disabled have been continuously strengthened. In 2016 and 2017, the State promulgated the National Action Plan for Disability Prevention (2016-2020) and the Regulations on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities, respectively, and the work of disability prevention and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities was brought into the development track of the rule of law. From 2012 to 2016, a total of 15.26 million disabled people in China received basic rehabilitation services. By the end of 2016, there were 7,858 rehabilitation institutions for the disabled in China, with 223,000 employees on the job, and 947 municipal districts and counties (cities) in 2015 carried out community rehabilitation work, with 454,000 community rehabilitation coordinators. Since 2017, the state has designated August 25th as "Disability Prevention Day".

　　The coverage of rehabilitation sports for the disabled has gradually expanded. Promote basic public services for disabled sports in the 13th Five-Year Plan. We implemented the regional guidance policy of "from west to east", "from north to south" and "weak first and then developed", funded 8,000 rehabilitation sports projects in six western provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), instigated 88,884 national services, subsidized 50 new community fitness demonstration sites, and instigated 1,842 new ones nationwide. The proportion of disabled people who regularly participate in physical fitness activities in China has increased to 9.6%.

　　Disabled orphans receive special care. Since 2015, the state has included sick and disabled children with surgical indications among urban and rural minimum living allowances and destitute support objects, as well as orphans and disabled children scattered in society in the scope of funding for the Tomorrow Plan, implemented medical rehabilitation with reference to the treatment policies and practices of orphans and disabled children in welfare institutions, and integrated tens of thousands of children recovered after the Tomorrow Plan into society. All new children with surgical indications in welfare institutions can get surgical treatment at the best treatment opportunity. By the end of 2016, the state had invested 860 million yuan to carry out surgical correction and rehabilitation training for more than 90,000 disabled orphans.

　　7. Actively participate in global health governance and international medical assistance.

　　China is an advocate, promoter and practitioner of international cooperation in the field of health care. It has always been committed to realizing the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, fully implementing the UN’s 2030 sustainable development agenda, especially the sustainable development goals in the health field, actively carrying out foreign medical assistance and global emergency response, earnestly fulfilling international conventions in the health field, and courageously assuming international humanitarian responsibilities.

　　Participate in the construction of international rules system of medical and health care. China signed and ratified the Constitution of the World Health Organization earlier, joined the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, participated in the formulation of a series of international treaties and declarations such as the Almaty Declaration, and responded to the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children. In 2016, at the 69th World Health Assembly, China proposed and promoted the adoption of the resolution "Promoting innovation and obtaining safe, effective and affordable quality medicines for children", which received positive responses from all parties.

　　In-depth cooperation with the World Health Organization. In 2016, the China-World Health Organization Country Cooperation Strategy (2016-2020) was signed and released in Beijing, which defined cooperation in the fields of health policy, planning, technology and human resources. In 2017, we signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Belt and Road Health Cooperation and the Implementation Plan on the Belt and Road Health Cooperation, and worked together to cooperate with countries along the Belt and Road in the fields of health emergency, infectious disease prevention and traditional medicine.

　　International medical and health exchanges and cooperation are constantly expanding. China conducts experience sharing and strategic dialogue with other countries in the field of health, and holds international seminars in various fields of medical and health services every year. In December 2015, the China-Africa public health cooperation plan was announced at the Johannesburg Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, including important measures such as participating in the construction of the African CDC. In October 2016, it established cooperative relations with counterpart hospitals in 15 Asian and African countries, including Ethiopia. In April 2017, it signed a medical and health cooperation agreement with African countries such as Malawi. Since 2005, China has trained thousands of officials and technical service personnel from developing countries, and promoted China non-governmental organizations to carry out education and training programs on adolescent reproductive health and AIDS prevention in Zimbabwe, Kenya and other countries and the Mekong region.

　　Outstanding achievements have been made in foreign medical and health assistance. Since 1963, China has sent foreign aid medical teams to 69 developing countries, with a total of 25,000 medical team members and 280 million patients treated. In September 2015, China announced at a series of UN summits that it would provide 100 hospitals and clinics and implement 100 "maternal and child health projects" and other major health assistance initiatives for developing countries in the next five years. By June 2017, China had more than 1,300 medical team members and public health experts working in 51 countries around the world, trained more than 20,000 international medical and health management and technical personnel in China, built more than 150 landmark facilities such as general hospitals, specialist centers and drug warehouses, provided many batches of medical materials such as ambulances, diagnostic instruments and cold chains of vaccines, and donated antimalarial drugs to Africa, saving 40 million lives. Since 2008, China has set up 30 malaria control centers for African countries, providing artemisinin antimalarial drugs worth 190 million yuan.

　　Global emergency response has been effectively carried out. China meets the compliance standards of the International Health Regulations. Actively lead international emergency rescue operations, and successively joined in responding to yellow fever and Zika virus in Angola and Guyana. In 2014, Ebola hemorrhagic fever broke out in West Africa, and China provided cash and materials to countries and international organizations in the affected areas for four consecutive rounds, with a total value of US$ 120 million. More than 1,200 medical staff and public health experts were sent to epidemic areas and neighboring countries, and nearly 9,000 samples were tested, more than 900 cases were observed and treated, and 13,000 local medical care and community prevention and control backbones were trained. In 2015, an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 occurred in Nepal. China successively coordinated and arranged four China government medical and epidemic prevention teams with a total of 193 people to go to the disaster-stricken areas in Nepal to carry out rescue, treating more than 2,600 wounded people and training more than 1,000 health and epidemic prevention technical backbones.

　　The international recognition of traditional Chinese medicine has been continuously improved. Chinese medicine has spread to 183 countries and regions around the world, and has become an important part of China’s cooperation with ASEAN, Europe, Africa and other regions and WHO. "Acupuncture in Traditional Chinese Medicine" is listed in UNESCO’s representative list of intangible cultural heritage of mankind, and Huangdi Neijing and Compendium of Materia Medica are selected in the world memory list. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, 103 Member States have approved the use of acupuncture, of which 29 have established laws and regulations on traditional medicine, and 18 have included acupuncture in the medical insurance system.

　　Concluding remarks

　　The governments of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and China earnestly respect and protect people’s right to health, regard safeguarding people’s health as the basic task of governing the country, and have implemented a series of major measures that benefit the present and benefit the long term. China’s health cause has made great achievements that attract worldwide attention and made important contributions to the sustainable development of mankind.

　　"Life is between heaven and earth, and there are dangers in the long road". China is soberly aware that ensuring people’s health is a systematic project, which needs long-term sustained efforts. At present, due to industrialization, urbanization and aging population, China still faces a complicated situation in which multiple disease threats coexist and multiple health influencing factors are intertwined. At the same time, with the improvement of living standards and the enhancement of health concept, the people’s demand for health products and services continues to grow, and it presents the characteristics of multi-level, diversification and personalization. China is facing the health problems faced by both developed countries and developing countries.

　　In order to better protect the people’s right to health, China is stepping up the construction of a healthy China, and has formulated and implemented a series of planning outlines such as "Healthy China 2030", "National Fitness Program (2016-2020)", "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" and "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for Deepening the Reform of Medical and Health System", and put forward the goal of "three steps" By 2030, the institutional system for promoting national health will be more perfect, and the main health indicators will enter the ranks of high-income countries; By 2050, we will build a healthy country that is compatible with the socialist modern country. With a high sense of responsibility and urgency, governments at all levels in China will continue to ensure people’s health in an all-round and full-cycle way, and strive to promote the all-round development of health and health undertakings.

　　Health is the eternal pursuit of mankind, and health promotion is the common responsibility of the international community. The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development identified health as an important sustainable development goal, and the global health system is in an important period of development. China will, as always, actively participate in international activities in health-related fields, deeply participate in global health governance, and vigorously implement the sustainable development goals in the health field. By cooperating with the construction of the "Belt and Road", we will enhance cooperation with countries along the route in the field of health and health, and strengthen mutual learning and learning with countries around the world. In the great process of "building a community of human destiny together", China is willing to join hands with the people of the world and make unremitting efforts to build a better and healthier world.

Poster of "Best Friend 2: Do Everything"

1905 movie network news Directed by Huang Zhenzhen and starring Ar Fi, Chen Yihan and Zhang Junning, will be released on August 4, 2017. The official announcement of BFF 2 is that the crew will attend the Shanghai Film Festival on the 17th of this month. At that time, director Huang Zhenzhen will appear on the red carpet with Ar Fi and Zhang Junning "BFF", and the three of them will appear in the grand event of the Shanghai Film Festival with amazing shapes, which will arouse fans’ expectations.

Zhang Junning joined BFF 2.

After a lapse of three years, the movie "Girlfriend 2" was upgraded and returned, which not only retained the first main selling point of "Girlfriend Love", but also added more thrilling, exciting and hilarious adventure plots. "Love" is no longer the most eye-catching element in "Girlfriend 2: Everything", and it will bring different feelings to the audience when girlfriends rush into the world together.

Ar Fi Chen Yihan Zhang Junning Beach Sleeps Naked.

It is worth mentioning that besides Ar Fi and Chen Yihan in the last film, Zhang Junning, the "temperament goddess", will also be added in this film. In real life, Zhang Junning and Chen Yihan are an enviable pair of good girlfriends. They are also energetic travelers and sportsmen. The first big-screen cooperation between them has aroused widespread expectations of netizens.

　

The movie "My Best Friend 2: Everything Will Be Done" will land in the national cinema on August 4th.